Separating references with commas in the Russian language rule. Appeal. Vocative sentences. Common requests

The comma is a rather simple sign at first glance. However, not everyone knows how to deal with it. Setting this symbol does not require any special specialized knowledge; you just had to learn a few punctuation rules at school. After all, now every person in our country has the right to receive incomplete secondary general education. And it is completely unclear why many students ignore Russian language lessons if they don’t even have to pay for them.

Russia is now in the top 20 in terms of population literacy. This does not mean that literacy levels do not need to be improved. After all, other countries will soon catch up with us. Moreover, we must respect the language in which we communicate and correspond. Therefore, we suggest that you learn the basics of punctuation.

Punctuation when addressing

Today we will look at punctuation marks when addressing. A proposal may not only consist of main members. It may contain words that are not members of the sentence and are not connected with other words by subordinating and coordinating connections. Example: “So, colleagues, let’s start the meeting” - the address of a “colleague” serves the function of attracting the attention of the audience.

Definition of treatment

An address is a word or combination of words that names the person to whom a message is addressed. Example: “My friends, our union is wonderful!” (A.S. Pushkin).

Appeals can be common and non-common, that is, they consist of one, two, three or more words. They can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence.

The appeal has the form named after. case. Pronounced with a special intonation. Examples of punctuation marks when addressing:

"My friends, let's raise a glass to this wonderful couple!" - a common appeal.
“Friend, give me that notebook over there” is an uncommon appeal.

Where are addresses most often used?

The most commonly used calls are:

In letters to express the attitude of the writer to the addressee.

For example: 1) Beloved, I am writing to you from Yekaterinburg. Just arrived yesterday. 2) Dear Anton Sergeevich, we will complete construction closer to December. 3) Dear Larisa Alekseevna, thank you for the warm welcome! 4) Dear Masha, there is exactly a month left until the meeting.

In oral speech, in order to attract the interlocutor’s attention to the speech, as well as to express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor.

For example: 1) Weren’t you, Anya, the one who insisted that you would never go to Moscow? 2) Do you remember, Tanechka, where exactly we vacationed last summer? 3) Thank you, dear ones, for coming to my birthday. 4) Flying business class, check-in is open for flight UT246, counters 20-25.

Where else can you find appeals?

In poetic speech, inanimate nouns can also act as addresses.

For example: 1) Tell me, grass, where should I go? 2) How can I, voditsa, get through as quickly as possible? 3) Gorushka, why are you so cool?

This technique is called personification.

Comma rule

We continue to study punctuation marks when addressing. The rule is very simple: in a sentence, the address is separated by commas. At the end of a sentence, punctuation is placed according to the basic general rules, regardless of the fact that the address comes in last place.

An exclamation point is placed if the appeal is before the sentence. It is pronounced with special feeling. After the exclamation mark, the next thought begins with a capital letter.

We will review proposals with you and appeals. Punctuation marks when addressing are in accordance with the rules learned above:

My beloved children, I brought each one a pie with cabbage.
Anna Valerievna, tell me when you need to take the internship and what documents you need to show?
How did you guess that I was already in the city, my friend?
I wanted to buy you some berries, granddaughter, but the bags were too heavy.
How can I live without you now, my dear general?
Why don’t you answer me, mommy?
What is your name, mysterious stranger?
Hello, Irina Ivanovna! I've missed you so much for 5 years.
I would like to thank you, Nikolai Vladimirovich! Your knowledge was useful to me in writing my thesis.

Commas that are used in sentences with addresses are called emphases.

Direct speech. Rules

Many people wonder: how to put commas in direct speech? We'll find out now.

Direct speech is speech conveyed without any changes on behalf of the person who wrote or spoke it. When placing commas, you need to separate two parts: the words of the author (hereinafter referred to as SA) and direct speech (hereinafter referred to as PR). Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. A colon is placed between the author’s words and direct speech if the PR is after the SA.

Let us schematically present to you proposals with PR. Let us only take into account that A are the words of the author, and P is direct speech:

A: "P".
A: “P!”
A: “P?”
"P" - a.
"P!" - A.
"P?" - A.

Where the letter is capital (A, P), we begin the sentence with a capital letter. Where there is a lowercase letter (a, p), we write with a small letter.

In situations where the SA breaks the PR, commas should be placed as follows:

"P". - without the words of the author. Example: “Think better, two days are unlikely to be enough for us.”
"P, - a, - p." - with the words of the author. Example: “Think better,” I said, “two days are unlikely to be enough for us.”
"P? P". - without SA. Example: “Do you like her? Sasha spilled the beans to me.”
"P? - A. - P". - with the words of the author. Example: “Do you like her? - I asked him. “Sasha spilled the beans to me.”
"P! P". - without the words of the author. Example: “It’s so nice outside today! We need to go for a walk."
"P! - A. - P". - with the words of the author. Example: “It’s so nice outside today! - I told my mother. “We need to go for a walk.”
"P. P?" - without SA. Example: “It’s very cold in your room. Shall I close the window?
“P, - a. - P?" - with the words of the author. Example: “It’s very cold in your room,” the grandmother told her grandchildren. - Will I close the window?

Conclusion

So, we have studied punctuation marks in address and direct speech. Examples helped you systematize and consolidate new knowledge. We hope you don't have any questions. Good luck in learning Russian!

An address is a special part of a sentence that is not a member of it, while being part of a syntactic structure, it names the person to whom the speech is addressed. Usually the role of address is a noun or another part of speech, but with the meaning of a noun. It is separated from the rest of the sentence by punctuation marks according to certain rules. What punctuation marks are used for this and when should they be used?

Addresses in Russian: punctuation marks

The easiest way to understand this issue is to study the thematic table with rules and examples.

If the address is separated from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point, the rest begins with a capital letter. but the address is still not a separate syntactic unit.

These are the simplest cases of isolating requests, but there are also more complex ones. For example, it happens that an address consists of several words that are broken by other words - then they will all be written separated by commas: Harder, horse, knock, hoof, chasing step!

If a sentence uses several addresses to the same person, they are all separated by commas, regardless of whether they come in a row or are distributed among different parts of it: Maria Petrovna, my dear, would you like some tea? Yasha, give me some salt, my joy.

If the interjection particle “o” is used in the address, then the tone is isolated along with it, a comma is not placed between it and the rest of the address: O clear falcon, take me with you!

If the address is repeated several times and its parts are combined using the conjunction a, then a comma is placed before this union, but is not placed between it and the address: Mother. Mom, I want to eat!

There are also often cases of homogeneous addresses that are united by a coordinating conjunction. In this case, they are separated from the rest of the sentence as one address, and there is no comma between them: Good night, moon and stars!

Differences between address and subject

It is often difficult to immediately understand what is the subject in a sentence and what is the address. A simple rule will help in this case: in addition to the fact that the address is not a member of the sentence, it also assumes that the verb following it will be in the second person form, and not the third, as is the case with the subject: My friend, do you remember last summer?

What have we learned?

An address, as a special part of a sentence, is not a member of it, but is a part. It names the person to whom the speech is addressed, and is distinguished in writing - punctuation marks when addressed are subject to certain punctuation rules. So, most often it is a comma, which is placed before, after, or on both sides, depending on its position in the sentence. In addition, an address can be separated from the rest of the syntactic unit by an exclamation mark if it involves some kind of emotional load. In order not to confuse the address and the subject, you need to know in what form the verb is put in the first and second cases. There are complex cases of punctuation when conjunctions and interjection particles are used within the address.

1. The address, together with all the words related to it, is highlighted (in the middle of the sentence) or separated (at the beginning or end of the sentence) by commasif pronounced without exclamatory intonation: Dear friend, Great! (Kr..); Vasily Vasilich, please leave me alone(Ch.); Allow me, my reader , take care of the older sister(P.); Do you remember, Alyosha , roads of the Smolensk region...(Sim.); Goodbye, Most Noble Mr. Glinkin(M.G.); And you too, old pen bandit(Sim.).

2. If the address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then after it is placed Exclamation point(the word following the address is written with a capital letter): Old man! Forget about the past(L.); Young native of Naples!What did you leave on the field in Russia?(St.)

3. If the address is at the end of a sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it - the punctuation mark required by the content and intonation of the sentence: Think, master of culture (Leon.); Hello to you, people of peaceful labor!; Are you here, honey? (K.T.); You're a pig, brother... (M. G.)

4. The rules for highlighting address with punctuation marks also apply to those cases when the address is expressed not by the traditional form of the nominative case of a noun, but by another part of speech or by a noun, but not in the form of the nominative case (such an address names any attribute of the person to whom the speech is addressed ): ...Look at me All! (Adv.) - substantivized demonstrative pronoun; “Where, where,” I say,“So-and-so, are you flying?” (Lesk.) - substantivized demonstrative pronoun; Fly, our dear, fight for glory(Tv.) - substantivized adjective; “Great, number six!” — came the thick, calm voice of the colonel(Kupr.) - substantivized ordinal number; Sleeping in a coffin sleep peacefully, enjoy life, living (F.)—substantivized participle; Hello, in a white sundress made of silver brocade!(Elm.) - prepositional-nominal combination; Hey, in a hat, Come here; Listen, twenty fifth, what are you doing here?; Tell,twenty-two misfortunes,When will you finally be normal?

5. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, act not as an address, but as a subject: Forgive me, peaceful valleys, and you, familiar mountain peaks, and you, familiar forests!(P.). But in some cases they can also act as an appeal:

1) by themselves: Go for the sixth one- You! (T.); Hey you! Finish it soon!(Adv.); Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); Well you! Get up... (M. G.); Eh, you people, people... (Garsh.); Well, you Move, or I'll hit you with the butt!(BUT.); “Oh, you!” — Nina Porfiryevna said(Paust.); “Quiet, you!” - shouted Fenya (Ant.);

2) as part of an address, which is a combination of a definition with a defined word, between which there is a 2nd person pronoun, not separated by commas: Well, completeness, completeness, joker,you're such a joker(T.); Is it really not enough for you?you are so insatiable!(Adv.); Why are you looking like such a duchess?are you my beauty?(Acute); And for whom did I work?are you a stoeros tree?(M.-S.); My dear friend,don't be ashamed, don't hang your head(F);

3) in combination with the particle o preceding the pronoun and the subsequent subordinate modifier of a complex sentence: O you, whose memory the bloody world will long, long be full(P.); Oh you whose letters are many, many in my briefcase on the bank!(N.)

6. Particle o, standing before the address, is not separated from it by any punctuation marks: Oh my dear, my gentle, beautiful garden!..(Ch.); Tell me O insightful reader,why was Rakhmetov withdrawn...(Black); How good you are, O night sea! (Tyutch.)

But before the address there can also be an interjection about (meaning ‘ah’), which, according to the rules, is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark: Oh mom why are you reproaching me?; ABOUT, Faith, look how good it is here!; ABOUT! Pavel Ivanovich, let me be frank(G.).

The interjection o is separated by punctuation marks and from the so-called nominative theme (or nominative presentation, when a person/object is named in order to evoke it in memory, in the idea): Oh, war! How many lives she took with her!

7. The particles a and yes, standing in front of a repeated address, are not separated from it by a comma, but a comma is placed in front of them: “Master, oh master!”— Kasyan suddenly said in his sonorous voice(T.); ...Death, and Death,Will you let me say one more word there?(TV); Petka, yes Petka,where have you gone?

With non-repeating address, a acts as an interjection and is separated by a comma: “Ah, Vaska!” — he said, recognizing first of all his friend’s pinkish trousers(Step.).

8. Repeated requests are separated by a comma or exclamation mark: The steppe is wide, the steppe is deserted,why are you looking so gloomy?(Nikit.); Hello, wind, a menacing wind, a tailwind of world history!(Leon.); Vaska! Vaska! Vaska! Great! (Sun. Iv.)

9. Homogeneous addresses connected by a union and or yes, they are not separated by a comma: Sing, people, cities and rivers! Sing, mountains, steppes and fields! (Marmot.); Hello, sunshine and cheerful morning! (Nikit.)

If during homogeneous addresses the conjunction is repeated, then a comma is not placed before the first one: Go back a minute and Kolya and Sasha!

10. If there are several addresses to one person located in different places in the sentence, each of them is separated by commas: Ivan Ilyich, brother, give orders about the snacks(T.); …I Therefore, Thomas, isn’t it better, brother, to part?(Adv.)

11. If common the address is “broken” by other words - members of the sentence, then each part of the address is separated by commas according to the general rule: Stronger, horse, hit, hoof , minting a step!(Bagr.); For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you, forty-first year(Pinch.).

Notes: 1. The names of persons/objects in the imperative form of the verb are not addresses and are not separated by commas if it is used in the meaning of a wish (let...): Come to him for treatment and cow and she-wolf (Chuk.); Every cricket know its nest (Episode); Wed also: Older people, sit down.

2. Interjection expressions are not separated by commas God have mercy, God forbid, God forbid, Lord forgive, thank you God etc. (there is no appeal in them).

Appeal- this is a word or phrase that names a person (less often, an object) to whom speech is addressed.

1. The appeal can be expressed in one word or in more than one word.

One word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in the nominative case, non-single-word address may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:

For example:

Dear granddaughter, why do you rarely call me?

Waiting for a flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.

Again I am yours, oh young friends! (title of A. S. Pushkin’s elegy).

2. An address can be expressed by a noun in the indirect case if it denotes a characteristic of the object or person to whom the speech is addressed.

For example: Hey, in a hat, are you the last one?

Appeals can be expressed in special, descriptive phrases, which are distinguished as ordinary appeals-names: – Hey, on a scow!– Reg (Green) said; - Hey, who is stronger there, come here, to the gate(P. Kapitsa).

3. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as addresses: they perform the function of the subject if they have predicate verbs.

For example: If you, reader, love autumn, then you know that in the fall the water in the rivers acquires a bright blue color from the cold.(Paust.) – the appeal is reader, and the pronoun You combines with verb you love.

Pronouns You , You can accept the call function in the following cases:

A) in constructions with a separate definition or attributive clause: You, the third from the edge, with a mop on your forehead, I don’t know you. I love you!(Vozn.); You, whose wide greatcoats resembled sails, whose spurs and voices rang merrily, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on the heart, are the charming dandies of yesteryear.(Color);

b) when used independently, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Eh, you women, women! Your heads are crazy(Cool.); - Oh, you! And don’t you hate sitting next to Chebukhaika? - he says as he walks(Cool .); Tsits, you! She is no longer your servant(M.G.); “He has a headache,” Bayev sympathized with his heart. - Ehh... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);

V) as part of other requests: Dear friend, you are mine, don't be ashamed...(Fad.); My darling(Shuksh.).

The address is not grammatically related to the sentence and is not a member of the sentence.

Punctuation marks for addresses

1. Appeals are usually highlighted (or separated) by commas, and with special emotional stress - by an exclamation mark after the appeal.

For example: Congratulations, comrades, on your safe arrival(Paust.)

“Don’t go, Volodya,” said Rodion.(Ch.).

Goodbye, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, conductor(Past.) . Quiet, wind. Don't bark, water glass(Es.). Gain your sight, sighted comrade, by the lake in the drainage waters(Vozn.).

Vocative intonation is enhanced if the address is placed at the end of the sentence.

For example:

- Hello, brothers! - he said(Ch.);

Farewell, it's time for the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Vozn.).

2. Multiple hits are separated by commas or exclamation points.

For example: " My dear, my darling, my torment, my longing "- she read (Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short-lived happiness! (Cupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be leaving(Ch.).

Addresses connected by a conjunction And , are not separated by commas.

For example: Weep tavern violins and harps (Vozn).

3. If after the appeal there is a definition or application, then it is separated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal.

For example: Grandpa, dear where have you been? (Spread); Miller, my dear, stand up. Lights on the shore! (Paust.).

4. The parts of the dissected circulation are highlighted separately, each on its own.

For example: Hear me, darling, hear me, beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isa.); ABOUT, my neglected, thank you and kiss you, hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family (Past.).

5. If the address ends an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it.

For example: Do you hear? Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(Ch.); When will Kara-Ada finally arrive, captain?(Paust.); What's wrong with you, blue sweater?(Vozn.); Did you pray at night, birch? Did you pray at night? overturned lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Have you prayed at night? Cathedrals of the Intercession and Dormition? (Vozn.).

6. Particles oh, ah, ah etc., standing before the appeals, are not separated from them.

For example: Oh my darling, my gentle, beautiful garden! (Ch.).

“Prosh, and Prosh!” called Prokhor Abramovich(Payment).

Ah Nadya, Nadenka, we would be happy...(OK.).

O whirlwind, feel all the depths and hollows(Past.).

O grapes of retribution! I soared in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an uninvited guest!(Vozn.).

Oh youth, phoenix, fool, the diploma is all in flames!(Vozn.).

O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, I have no escape from you(Sick.).

7. If there is an interjection before the address (unlike a particle, it is accentuated), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation mark.

For example:

“Oh, dear Nadya,” Sasha began his usual afternoon conversation.(Ch.);

- Hey, three octagons for thread, go get a bolt! – From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname “Three Osmushki for Carving”(Payment). The word about can also act as an interjection (in the meaning Oh ): ABOUT, my lost freshness, riot of eyes and flood of feelings (Es.).

An interjection (as a call for attention) can itself act as an appeal.

For example: Hey, watch out! You'll create a closure!(Vozn.).

- Hey, be careful there! - Stepakha shouted(Cool.).

Where? What are you doing? Hey!(Shuksh.).

8. After an address, which is a separate vocative sentence (Sentence-address, i.e. a one-part sentence in which the main and only member is the name of the person - the addressee of the speech), an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is placed - single or in combination with an ellipsis.

For example: - Miller! – Shatsky whispered(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(Ch.); – Sing!.. – Lyalka is at the window again(Shuksh.);

- Mother... And mother! - he called his old woman(Shuksh.); “Brothers...” he said quietly, and his voice broke.(Paust.).

An address is a semantic component of a sentence, distinguished intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech. Punctuation marks are mandatory. A comma or exclamation mark is used for this.

You have completely forgotten me, Nikolai Ivanovich.

Emma! Your question about my health is not so easy to answer.

The address can be extended by definitions, for example: dear, dear, my beloved, etc.

If they come before the address, they do not require punctuation, for example: Dear mom, I am writing to you from Kyiv.
If the definition comes after the reference, then it is separated by commas, for example: Mommy, dear, I am writing to you from Kyiv.

It is possible to formulate the same statements synonymously if the information is conveyed in a more emotional tone, for example:

Dear mommy! I am writing to you from Kyiv.
Mommy, dear! I am writing to you from Kyiv.

Multiple hits are always separated by commas or exclamation points, for example:

Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me (me is the old form of the pronoun me) a sinner!
Lyoshenka, son, write how you are doing.

Note:

Particles and interjections are often used before addresses. They should be distinguished because their punctuation is different. Interjections are highlighted with a comma or exclamation mark, but particles are not. Examples:

Eh, son, you're making a mistake!
(Eh– interjection, it is distinguished by intonation and separated from the address by a pause and a comma)

O king! Ask me a hundred times! I’ll answer a hundred times: “I’m in love!” (A.N. Ostrovsky, Snow Maiden)
(ABOUT– a particle, it is not distinguished by intonation, is not separated by a pause or punctuation mark)

Commas highlight references along with all related words.

Let us repeat once again in what cases punctuation marks are used in direct speech.

If appeal stands at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma or exclamation mark. An exclamation point is used when appeal pronounced with strong feeling. A sentence after an exclamation point is usually capitalized.

2.If appeal stands inside a sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides.

3.If appeal comes at the end of the sentence, before appeal a comma is placed, and after it - the sign that is needed within the meaning of the sentence: a period, a question mark, an exclamation mark, an ellipsis.

4. If common appeal broken by other words - members of the sentence, then each part is separated by commas.

5. If there are several requests to one person located in different places in the sentence, each of them is separated by commas.

5. Interjection particle O is not separated from the address by punctuation marks.