Polar explorer Otto Sverdrup The old emblem of the Norwegian Polar Institute, the leading scientific organization of the Kingdom of Norway, depicted three silhouettes of the famous polar explorers of this country - Fridtjof Nansen, Roald Amundsen and Otto Sverdrup. First two

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The story of the first round-the-world expedition of I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. About how two captains circumnavigated the globe for the first time under the flag of the Russian navy, despite the cruel circumstances that hindered their dream.

Background and purpose of the expedition

The petitions of Captain Ivan Kruzenshtern gathered dust in the desks of Admiralty officials. The chief executives considered Russia a land power and did not understand why it was necessary to go to the ends of the world to compile herbariums and maps?! Desperate, Kruzenshtern gives up. Now his choice is marriage and a quiet life... And Captain Kruzenshtern’s project would probably have been lost in the distant drawers of Admiralty officials, if not for private capital - the Russian-American Company. Its main business is trade with Alaska. At that time, the business was extremely profitable: a sable skin bought in Alaska for a ruble in St. Petersburg could be sold for 600. But here’s the problem: the journey from the capital to Alaska and back took... 5 years. What kind of trade is there!

On July 29, 1802, the company turned to Emperor Alexander I, also, by the way, its shareholder, with a request to authorize a round-the-world expedition based on Kruzenshtern’s project. The goals are to deliver the necessary supplies to Alaska, pick up goods, and at the same time establish trade with China and Japan. The petition was submitted by a member of the company's board, Nikolai Rezanov.

On August 7, 1802, just a week after the petition was submitted, the project was approved. It was also decided to send an embassy to Japan with the expedition, which was to be headed by Nikolai Rezanov. Captain-Lieutenant Krusenstern was appointed head of the expedition.

Left - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

Expedition composition, preparation for voyage

In the summer of 1803, two sailing sloops, Nadezhda and Neva, left the Kronstadt harbor. The captain of Nadezhda was Ivan Krusenstern, the captain of the Neva was his friend and classmate Yuri Lisyansky. The sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva” are three-masted ships of Krusenstern and Lisyansky, capable of carrying up to 24 guns. They were bought in England for 230,000 rubles, originally called “Leander” and “Thames”. The length of "Nadezhda" is 117 feet, i.e. about 35 meters with a width of 8.5 meters, displacement 450 tons. The length of the Neva is 108 feet, displacement is 370 tons.

On board the Nadezhda were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev

mysteriously, the famous brawler and duelist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also ended up on the expedition.

Ivan Krusenstern. 32 years. Descendant of a Russified German noble family. Released from the Naval Corps early due to the Russian-Swedish War. Repeatedly participated in naval battles. Knight of the Order of St. George, IV degree. He served as a volunteer on the ships of the English fleet, visited the shores of North America, South Africa, the East Indies and China.

Ermolai Levenstern. 26 years. Lieutenant of Nadezhda. He was distinguished by poor health, but performed his service efficiently and carefully. In his diary he described in detail all the incidents of the expedition, including curious and indecent ones. He gave unflattering characteristics to all his comrades, with the exception of Krusenstern, to whom he was sincerely devoted.

Makar Ratmanov. 31 year. First Lieutenant of the sloop Nadezhda. Krusenstern's classmate in the Naval Corps. The most senior of the expedition officers. participated in the Russian-Swedish war, then, as part of Fyodor Ushakov’s squadron, in the capture of the fortress of Corfu and the Ionian Islands. He was distinguished by rare courage, as well as directness in his statements.

Nikolay Rezanov. 38 years. From an impoverished noble family. He served in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, then as secretary of various offices. Having aroused the jealousy of the empress's favorite Platon Zubov, he was sent to Irkutsk to inspect the activities of entrepreneur Grigory Shelikhov. He married Shelikhov's daughter and became a co-owner of huge capital. He obtained permission from Emperor Paul to found the Russian-American Company and became one of its leaders.

Count Fyodor Tolstoy, 21 years old. Guard lieutenant, member of Rezanov's retinue. He became famous in St. Petersburg as an intriguer, adventurer and sharper. I got into the expedition by accident: I challenged my regiment commander to a duel, and in order to avoid trouble, by decision of my family, I ended up on the voyage instead of my cousin.

Wilhelm-Theophilus Tilesius von Thielenau. 35 years. German doctor, botanist, zoologist and naturalist. An excellent draftsman who compiled a hand-drawn chronicle of the expedition. Subsequently he will make a name for himself in science. There is a version that many of his drawings were copied from the works of his colleague and rival Langsdorff.

Baron Georg-Heinrich von Langsdorff, 29 years old. M.D. He worked as a doctor in Portugal, in his free time he conducted natural science research and collected collections. Full member of the Physical Society of the University of Göttingen. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Johann-Caspar Horner, 31 years old. Swiss astronomer. Called from Zurich to participate in the expedition as a staff astronomer. He was distinguished by rare calm and self-control.

Sloop "Nadezhda"

Sloop "Neva": Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.

Yuri Lisyansky. 29 years. Since childhood I dreamed of the sea. At the age of 13, he was released early from the St. Petersburg Naval Corps in connection with the Russian-Swedish War. Participated in several battles. At the age of 16 he was promoted to midshipman. Knight of the Order of St. George, 4th degree. He was distinguished by exceptional demands on himself and his subordinates.

Preparing for the expedition

At the beginning of the 19th century, there were white spots on the maps of the Atlantic and, most importantly, the Pacific oceans. Russian sailors had to cross the Great Ocean almost blindly. The ships were supposed to go through Copenhagen and Falmouth to the Canaries, then to Brazil, then to Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, Honolulu and Kamchatka, where the ships would split up: the Neva would go to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda to Japan. In Canton (China) the ships must meet and return to Kronstadt together. The ships sailed according to the regulations of the Russian navy. Twice a day - in the morning and late in the evening - exercises were carried out: setting and cleaning the sails, as well as alarms in case of fire or breach. For the team's lunch, hanging tables attached to the ceiling were lowered in the cockpits. At lunch and dinner they were given one dish - cabbage soup with meat or corned beef or porridge with butter. Before the meal, the team received a glass of vodka or rum, and those who did not drink were paid nine kopecks monthly for each glass not drunk. At the end of the work they heard: “Sing and have fun for the team!”

The sloops "Neva" and "Nadezhda" during a circumnavigation. Artist S.V.Pen.

Route of the expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyansky

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26, old style (August 7, new style), heading for Copenhagen. The route then followed the scheme Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) - Florianopolis (Brazil) - Easter Island - Nukuhiwa (Marquesas Islands) - Honolulu (Hawaii Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hokkaido Island (Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - Sitka (Alaska) - Kodiak (Alaska) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - St. Helena Island - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores) - Portsmouth (UK). On August 5 (17), 1806, the expedition returned to Kronstadt, completing the entire journey in 3 years and 12 days.

Description of swimming

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships flying the Russian flag “Nadezhda” and “Neva” crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to maritime tradition, a celebration of Neptune was held.

Cape Horn and Nuka Hiva

Neva and Nadezhda entered the Pacific Ocean separately, but the captains foresaw this option and agreed in advance on the meeting place - the Marquesas archipelago, Nukuhiva Island. But Lisyansky decided on the way to also stop by Easter Island to check if the Nadezhda had landed there. “Nadezhda” safely rounded Cape Horn and on March 3, 1804, entered the Pacific Ocean, and in the early morning of Easter Sunday, April 24, 1804, on the 235th day of the voyage, land appeared in the sunny haze. Nuka Hiva today is a small sleepy island. There are only two roads and three villages, one of which is the capital called Taiohae. There are 2,770 souls on the entire island who are slowly engaged in copra production and housekeeping. In the evenings, when the heat subsides, they sit outside the houses or play petanque, a pastime brought by the French for adults... The center of life is a tiny pier, the only place where you can see several people at once, and only then early on Saturday morning, when fishermen bring food for sale. fresh fish. On the 4th day of the stay at Nuku Hiva, a messenger from the king arrived to the captain with urgent news: at dawn, from the mountain they saw a large ship far out to sea. This was the long-awaited Neva.

Equator

Alaska

From 1799 to 1867, Russian America was the name given to the possessions of the Russian Empire in North America - the Alaska Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, the Alexander Archipelago and some settlements on the Pacific coast. "Neva" safely reached its goal and approached the shores of Alaska on July 10, 1804. Destination - Pavlovskaya Bay on Kodiak Island, the capital of Russian America. After Cape Horn and the island of cannibals, this part of the voyage seemed quiet and boring to the sailors... But they were wrong. In 1804, the crew of the Neva found themselves in the very center of hostilities here. The warlike Tlingit tribe rebelled against the Russians, killing the small garrison of the fort.

The Russian-American trading company was founded in 1799 by the “Russian Columbus” - merchant Shelikhov, father-in-law of Nikolai Rezanov. The company traded in harvested furs, walrus tusks, whalebone, and blubber. But its main task was to strengthen distant colonies... The manager of the company was Alexander Baranov. The weather in Alaska, even in summer, is changeable - sometimes rain, sometimes sunny... It’s understandable: north. The cozy town of Sitka today lives on fishing and tourism. There is also a lot here that reminds us of the times of Russian America. Lisyansky hurried here to help Baranov. The detachment under the command of Baranov, who went to Sitka, consisted of 120 fishermen and about 800 Aleuts and Eskimos. They were opposed by several hundred Indians, fortified in a wooden fortress... In those cruel times, the tactics of the opponents were the same everywhere: they did not leave anyone alive. After several attempts at negotiations, Baranov and Lisyansky decide to storm the fortress. A landing party - 150 people - Russians and Aleuts with five cannons - lands on the shore.

Russian losses after the assault amounted to 8 people killed (including three sailors from the Neva) and 20 wounded, including the head of Alaska, Baranov. The Aleuts also counted their losses... For several more days, the Indians besieged in the fortress confidently shot at Russian longboats and even at the Neva. And then suddenly they sent a messenger asking for peace.

Sloop "Neva" off the coast of Alaska

Nagasaki

The Russian embassy of Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Krusenstern was awaiting the shogun's response off the coast of Japan. Only two and a half months later, Nadezhda was allowed to enter the port and approach the shore, and Krusenstern’s ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered Nagasaki harbor on October 8, 1804. The Japanese said that in 30 days a “big man” would arrive from the capital and announce the will of the emperor. But week after week passed, and still there was no sign of the “big man”... After a month and a half of negotiations, the Japanese finally allocated a small house for the envoy and his retinue. And then they fenced off a garden for exercise near the house - 40 by 10 meters.

The ambassador was told: there was no way to receive him at court. Also, the shogun cannot accept gifts, because he will have to respond in kind, and Japan does not have large ships to send to the king... The Japanese government cannot conclude a trade agreement with Russia, because the law prohibits relations with other nations... And for the same reason, all Russian ships were henceforth forbidden to enter Japanese harbors... However, the emperor ordered to supply the sailors with provisions. And he gave out 2000 bags of salt, 2000 silk rugs and 100 bags of millet. Rezanov's diplomatic mission was a failure. For the Nadezhda crew, this meant: after many months on the Nagasaki roadstead, they could finally continue sailing.

Sakhalin

"Nadezhda" went around the entire northern tip of Sakhalin. Along the way, Krusenstern named the open capes after his officers. Now on Sakhalin there is Cape Ratmanov, Cape Levenshtern, Mount Espenberg, Cape Golovachev... One of the bays was named after the ship - Nadezhda Bay. Only 44 years later, Lieutenant Commander Gennady Nevelskoy will be able to prove that Sakhalin is an island by sailing a ship through a narrow strait that will receive his name. But even without this discovery, Kruzenshtern’s research on Sakhalin was very significant. For the first time, he mapped a thousand kilometers of Sakhalin coastline.

To Macau

The next meeting place of the Neva and Nadezhda was determined to be the nearby port of Macau. Krusenstern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. A warship could not stay in Macau for long, even with a cargo of furs on board. Then Kruzenshtern stated that he intended to buy so many goods that they would not fit on his ship, and he needed to wait for the arrival of the second ship. But week after week passed, and still there was no Neva. In early December, when the Nadezhda was about to go to sea, the Neva finally appeared. Her holds were filled with fur: 160 thousand skins of sea beaver and seal. Such an amount of “soft gold” was quite capable of bringing down the Canton fur market. On February 9, 1806, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left the Chinese coast and headed for their homeland. “Neva” and “Nadezhda” sailed together for quite a long time, but on April 3, at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather they lost each other. Krusenstern appointed the island of St. Helena as the meeting place for such a case, where he arrived on April 21.

Bypassing the English Channel

Kruzenshtern, in order to avoid meeting with French privateers, chose a roundabout route: around the northern tip of Scotland into the North Sea and further through the Kiel Strait into the Baltic. Lisyansky, in the Azores region, learned about the start of the war, but still went across the English Channel, risking meeting the French. And he became the first captain in world history to make a non-stop passage from China to England in 142 days.

What Ivan Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky discovered

New islands, straits, reefs, bays and capes were added to the world map

Fixed inaccuracies in Pacific Ocean maps

Russian sailors compiled a description of the coast of Japan, Sakhalin, the Kuril ridge and many other areas
Krusenstern and Lisyansky conducted comprehensive studies of ocean waters. Russian navigators managed to study various currents and discover inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

The expedition collected a wealth of information about the transparency, specific gravity, density and temperature of sea water at various depths

The expedition collected a wealth of information about climate, atmospheric pressure, tides in various regions of the oceans and other data that laid the foundation for a new marine science - oceanography, which studies phenomena in the World Ocean and its parts.

The significance of the expedition for the development of geography and other sciences

The first Russian round-the-world expedition made a huge contribution to geographical science: it erased non-existent islands from the world map and clarified the coordinates of real islands. Ivan Kruzenshtern described part of the Kuril Islands, the islands of Japan and the coast of Sakhalin. A new science appeared - oceanology: no one before Kruzenshtern had conducted research into the depths of the sea. The expedition members also collected valuable collections: botanical, zoological, ethnographic. Over the next 30 years, 36 more Russian voyages around the world were completed. Including with the direct participation of Neva and Nadezhda officers.

Records and Awards

Ivan Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anne, II degree

Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition. All officers received the following ranks:

commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles.

lieutenants 1000 each

midshipmen 800 rubles lifetime pension

lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles.

By the highest order, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first trip around the world

Yuri Lisyansky became the first captain in world history to make a non-stop transition from China to England in 142 days.

A short information about the life of the expedition participants after its completion

Participation in this campaign changed the fate of Langsdorff. In 1812, he would be appointed Russian consul in Rio de Janeiro and organize an expedition to the interior of Brazil. The herbariums and descriptions of the languages ​​and traditions of the Indians he collected are still considered a unique, unsurpassed collection.

The first crossing of the equator by Russian sailors

Of the officers who circumnavigated the world, many served with honor in the Russian fleet. Cadet Otto Kotzebue became the ship's commander and later traveled around the world in this capacity. Thaddeus Bellingshausen later led a round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny and discovered Antarctica.

For his participation in the trip around the world, Yuri Lisyansky was promoted to captain of the second rank, received from the emperor a lifelong pension of 3,000 rubles and a one-time reward from the Russian-American Company of 10,000 rubles. After returning from the expedition, Lisyansky continued to serve in the Navy. In 1807, he led a squadron of nine ships in the Baltic and went to Gotland and Bornholm to observe English warships. In 1808 he was appointed commander of the ship Emgeiten.

Afanasy Nikitin is a Russian traveler, Tver merchant and writer. Traveled from Tvrea to Persia and India (1468-1474). On the way back I visited the African coast (Somalia), Muscat and Turkey. Nikitin’s travel notes “Walking across Three Seas” are a valuable literary and historical monument. Marked by the versatility of his observations, as well as his religious tolerance, unusual for the Middle Ages, combined with devotion to the Christian faith and his native land.

Semyon Dezhnev (1605 -1673)

An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. In 1648, Dezhnev was the first among the famous European navigators (80 years earlier than Vitus Bering) to navigate the Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from Chukotka. A Cossack ataman and fur trader, Dezhnev actively participated in the development of Siberia (Dezhnev himself married a Yakut woman, Abakayada Syuchyu).

Grigory Shelikhov (1747 - 1795)

Russian industrialist who conducted geographical exploration of the northern Pacific Islands and Alaska. Founded the first settlements in Russian America. The strait between the island is named after him. Kodiak and the North American continent, a bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, a city in the Irkutsk region and a volcano in the Kuril Islands. The remarkable Russian merchant, geographer and traveler, nicknamed by G. R. Derzhavin “Russian Columbus”, was born in 1747 in the city of Rylsk, Kursk province, into a bourgeois family. Overcoming the space from Irkutsk to the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea became his first journey. In 1781, Shelikhov created the North-East Company, which in 1799 was transformed into the Russian-American Trading Company.

Dmitry Ovtsyn (1704 - 1757)

Russian hydrographer and traveler, led the second of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition. He made the first hydrographic inventory of the Siberian coast between the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei. Discovered the Gydan Bay and the Gydan Peninsula. Participated in the last voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of North America. A cape and an island in the Yenisei Bay bear his name. Dmitry Leontyevich Ovtsyn had been in the Russian fleet since 1726, took part in the first voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of Kamchatka, and by the time the expedition was organized he had risen to the rank of lieutenant. The significance of Ovtsyn’s expedition, as well as the rest of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition, is extremely great. Based on the inventories compiled by Ovtsyn, maps of the places he explored were prepared until the beginning of the 20th century.

Ivan Krusenstern (1770 - 1846)

Russian navigator, admiral, led the first Russian round-the-world expedition. For the first time he mapped most of the coastline of the island. Sakhalin. One of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. The strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between the island, bears his name. Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya. On June 26, 1803, the ships Neva and Nadezhda left Kronstadt and headed for the shores of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. On August 19, 1806, while staying in Copenhagen, the Russian ship was visited by a Danish prince who wished to meet with Russian sailors and listen to their stories. The first Russian circumnavigation was of great scientific and practical importance and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian navigators corrected English maps, which were then considered the most accurate, in many points.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852)

Thaddeus Bellingshausen is a Russian navigator, participant in the first Russian circumnavigation of I. F. Kruzenshtern. Leader of the first Russian Antarctic expedition to discover Antarctica. Admiral. The sea off the coast of Antarctica, the underwater basin between the continental slopes of Antarctica and South America, islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the Aral Sea, the first Soviet polar station on the island bear his name. King George in the South Shetland Islands archipelago. The future discoverer of the southern polar continent was born on September 20, 1778 on the island of Ezel near the city of Arensburg in Livonia (Estonia).

Fyodor Litke (1797-1882)

Fyodor Litke - Russian navigator and geographer, count and admiral. Leader of the round-the-world expedition and research on Novaya Zemlya and the Barents Sea. Discovered two groups of islands in the Caroline chain. One of the founders and leaders of the Russian Geographical Society. Litke's name is given to 15 points on the map. Litke led the nineteenth Russian round-the-world expedition for hydrographic studies of little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's journey was one of the most successful in the history of Russian voyages around the world and was of great scientific importance. The exact coordinates of the main points of Kamchatka were determined, the islands were described - Caroline, Karaginsky, etc., the Chukotka coast from Cape Dezhnev to the mouth of the river. Anadyr. The discoveries were so important that Germany and France, arguing over the Caroline Islands, turned to Litke for advice on their location.

Every educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.

But it should be noted that this formulation is not completely correct. Magellan thought through and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first trip around the world. It was del Cano who eventually became captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to her home harbour) and gained fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during his dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first circumnavigator.

The first trip around the world: background

In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish sailors and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven route to the Moluccas, where the largest markets with the cheapest goods were located, but this route was not close and unsafe. Due to limited knowledge about the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors as an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew whether there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown South Land, but the Europeans wanted there to be one. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that opening the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.

Career of Ferdinand Magellan

By the age of 39, the impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magalhães) had visited Asia and Africa several times, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about his travels to the shores of America.

With his idea of ​​getting to the Moluccas by the western route and returning the usual way (that is, making the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese King Manuel. He was not at all interested in Magellan’s proposal, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change his citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), acquired a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and “gave the go-ahead” to organize the expedition.

Along the coast. Riot

Magellan's first voyage around the world, which was never completed for most of the team members, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different European countries. Despite the storms, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to “descend” along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which should have been located, according to his information, in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather completely deteriorated, the ships anchored in the Bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to head for the Cape of Good Hope and from there to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.

Strait of All Saints

One captain was killed, another was executed, the third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned the ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 did the ships leave the bay and continue searching for the strait. During a storm, the ship Santiago sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered a strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. Magellan's ships sailed along it for 38 days.

The admiral called the coast remaining on the left hand Tierra del Fuego, since Indian fires burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the Strait was renamed Magellan.

Pacific Ocean

Only three ships left the strait for the so-called “South Sea”: “San Antonio” disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the turbulent Atlantic. The ocean was named Pacific.

The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half the crew. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was already close to the Philippines.

Philippines. Death of Magellan

The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they regained their strength and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.

Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke fluently with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, ultimately became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in an internecine war between two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team was so thin that it was decided to destroy one of the ships, the Concepcion.

Moluccas. Return to Spain

Who led the first voyage around the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum at San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.

He ensured that the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. This was not easy to do: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 expedition members returned to San Lucar. The cargo they delivered covered all the costs of the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese only faced accusations of violating royal instructions.

Results of Magellan's journey

Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and discovered a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received strong evidence that the Earth was indeed round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean was much larger than expected, and that sailing on it to the Moluccas was unprofitable. Europeans also realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.

All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this man was del Cano, but still the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.

The first round-the-world voyage of Russian navigators

In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploring the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, and providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Yesso Island, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and also delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public resonance and contributed to increasing the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.

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Afanasy Nikitin (XV century) Afanasy Nikitin is a Russian traveler, Tver merchant and writer. Traveled from Tver to Persia and India (1468-1474). On the way back I visited the African coast (Somalia), Muscat and Turkey. Nikitin's travel notes “Walking across Three Seas” are a valuable literary and historical monument. Marked by the versatility of his observations, as well as his religious tolerance, unusual for the Middle Ages, combined with devotion to the Christian faith and his native land.

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Semyon Dezhnev (1605 -1673) An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia. In 1648, Dezhnev was the first among the famous European navigators (80 years earlier than Vitus Bering) to navigate the Bering Strait, which separates Alaska from Chukotka. A Cossack ataman and fur trader, Dezhnev actively participated in the development of Siberia (Dezhnev himself married a Yakut woman, Abakayada Syuchyu).

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Grigory Shelikhov (1747 - 1795) Russian industrialist who conducted geographical studies of the northern islands of the Pacific Ocean and Alaska. Founded the first settlements in Russian America. The strait between the island is named after him. Kodiak and the North American continent, a bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, a city in the Irkutsk region and a volcano in the Kuril Islands. The remarkable Russian merchant, geographer and traveler, nicknamed by G. R. Derzhavin “Russian Columbus”, was born in 1747 in the city of Rylsk, Kursk province, into a bourgeois family. Overcoming the space from Irkutsk to the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea became his first journey. In 1781, Shelikhov created the North-East Company, which in 1799 was transformed into the Russian-American Trading Company.

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Dmitry Ovtsyn (1704 - 1757) Russian hydrographer and traveler, led the second of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition. He made the first hydrographic inventory of the Siberian coast between the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei. Discovered the Gydan Bay and the Gydan Peninsula. Participated in the last voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of North America. A cape and an island in the Yenisei Bay bear his name. Dmitry Leontyevich Ovtsyn had been in the Russian fleet since 1726, took part in the first voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of Kamchatka, and by the time the expedition was organized he had risen to the rank of lieutenant. The significance of Ovtsyn’s expedition, as well as the rest of the detachments of the Great Northern Expedition, is extremely great. Based on the inventories compiled by Ovtsyn, maps of the places he explored were prepared until the beginning of the twentieth century.

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Ivan Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846) Russian navigator, admiral, led the first Russian round-the-world expedition. For the first time he mapped most of the coastline of the island. Sakhalin. One of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. The strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between the island, bears his name. Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya. On June 26, 1803, the ships Neva and Nadezhda left Kronstadt and headed for the shores of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. On August 19, 1806, while staying in Copenhagen, the Russian ship was visited by a Danish prince who wished to meet with Russian sailors and listen to their stories. The first Russian circumnavigation was of great scientific and practical importance and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian navigators corrected English maps, which were then considered the most accurate, in many points.

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Thaddeus Bellingshausen (1778 - 1852) Thaddeus Bellingshausen - Russian navigator, participant in the first Russian circumnavigation of I. F. Kruzenshtern. Leader of the first Russian Antarctic expedition to discover Antarctica. Admiral. The sea off the coast of Antarctica, the underwater basin between the continental slopes of Antarctica and South America, islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the Aral Sea, the first Soviet polar station on the island bear his name. King George in the South Shetland Islands archipelago. The future discoverer of the southern polar continent was born on September 20, 1778 on the island of Ezel near the city of Arensburg in Livonia (Estonia).

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Fyodor Litke (1797-1882) Fyodor Litke - Russian navigator and geographer, count and admiral. Leader of the round-the-world expedition and research on Novaya Zemlya and the Barents Sea. Discovered two groups of islands in the Caroline chain. One of the founders and leaders of the Russian Geographical Society. Litke's name is given to 15 points on the map. Litke led the nineteenth Russian round-the-world expedition for hydrographic studies of little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean. Litke's journey was one of the most successful in the history of Russian voyages around the world and was of great scientific importance. The exact coordinates of the main points of Kamchatka were determined, the islands - Caroline, Karaginsky, etc., and the Chukotka coast from Cape Dezhnev to the mouth of the river were described. Anadyr. The discoveries were so important that Germany and France, arguing over the Caroline Islands, turned to Litke for advice on their location.