∗HORSE, Life Guards, Regiment, originates from the Life Squadron, personal. convoy light Prince A.D. Menshikov, formed on July 16, 1706, consisting of 3 companies from ranks selected from 16 dredges. pp. under the name “label or general drag. shkvadron gen. from cav. book A. D. Menshikov." After his formation in Kyiv, the l.-shkvadron was under the prince. Menshikov and, taking part in Velik. North war, was in the battles of Kalisz, Golovchin, Lesnaya, Oposhnya and during the assault on Baturin. To the beginning 1709 l.-shkvadron b. brought into the 4th company, and its com-rum b. designation (1709) podplk. Anton Devier. To Poltava. L. Shkvadron took part in a brutal battle. Cav. the section, during the swarm of dragoons Stepan Volgovsky was repulsed by the Swede. banner. Then L. Shkvadron was in pursuit and capture of Levengaupt’s army at Perevolochna. As a sign of his special favor to the prince. Menshikov for his heroic participation in Poltava. battle, Peter V. granted silver to the l. squadron. kettledrums captured by our cavalry during the pursuit of the Swedes at Perevolochna. In 1711, the l.-shkvadron was located in Prutsk. campaign and participated in repelling the Turks on July 9 and 10. 7 mrt. 1721 from l.-skvadron light. book Menshikov, from houses. drag company general-feldm. gr. Sheremetev and from precious metals. companies of St. Petersburg lips b. formed, consisting of 10 companies, Kronshlotsky drag. n., which b. sent to the Arzamas province and from 10 st. 1722 contained traveling for 3 years. to Tsaritsyn. lines in Astra. lips 17 Apr 1722 Peter V., intending to form a guard in the Cavalry. part with the appointment to prepare the office for production in the drug office. pp., ordered Kronshlot. n. “to be a Life Regiment” and consist exclusively of nobles. Warrior to all. nach-kam b. ordered to review the drug. pp. and make a detailed an inventory of all the nobles serving in them, from whom the most educated, prominent and well-off should be appointed to the Leningrad Regiment. condition. This correspondence is very good. dragged on, and Kronshlot was re-formed. n. in L.-Regiment b. completed only by 21 dkb. 1725 After the reformation, the L.-Regiment came to St. Petersburg, but b. detained for 3 years in Novgorod. Soon after the accession to the throne of Imperial Anna Ioannovna, 31 dkb followed. 1730 next a handwritten decree of the State Market to the Senate: “The former L.-Regiment is to be called the Horse Guards, and in rank to be against the guard, and to be in the regiment of the military officers and privates 1,000 hours.” At the same time, the Imp received the rank of Colonel of the Life Guards. K. p. and ordered the general. Yaguzhinsky to form a point of 5 esq-v with the rights of others. guard pp. On July 7, 1731, more people were added to the village. part of the disbanded cavalry guard. Aug 25 1733 L.-Gv. K. p. arrived in St. Petersburg. During Krymsk. wars of 1737-39 3 companies of con. Guards took part in the assault on Ochakov. Having been in Minich's convoy since June 4, 1739, these companies took part on August 17. with the defeat of the Turks at Stavuchan and on August 16. during the capture of Khotin. In 1740 b. A special treasury was established in Little Russia, in Baturin and Yampol. horse farm for replenishing horse stock. composition of the con. the guard is the best. horses. During the Swedish wars of 1741-42 2 companies of the regiment entered the consolidated guard on May 20, 1742. detachment of Sec. Major Chertsov, sent to the army as a field commander. Lassi, and took part in the offensive. actions of Russian army until the Swedish capitulation in Helsingfors. 25 dKB. 1761 Peter III accepted the rank of regiment of con. Guard, but 9 mrt. 1762 transferred it to his uncle, Ave. George-Louis Hertz. Schleswig Holstein. On June 28, 1762, Catherine II, after ascending the throne, accepted the rank of regiment of con. guard. In Sweden war of 1788-89 3 esc-on the end. the guards were part of the guards. detachments g.-m. Tatishchev and Kushelev, but did not take part in the affairs. After the accession of Paul I to the throne, the organization of the Guard b. A major change was made and the regiments lost their purpose of preparing military nobles for production in the army offices. 2 Nov. 1796 in p.b. transferred from Gendarme. and Dragunsk. pp. Gatchina. troops 3 headquarters, 20 vol. office and 119 n. h., and con. the guard received organization and uniform cuirass. pp. 7 Nov. 1796 Chief P.B. designation V.K. Nikolai Pavlovich. 15 Apr 1797 p.b. brought into the 10th Esq. and then on January 9th. 1800 again reorganized into 5 esq-nov. May 28, 1800 Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich b. designation Chief, and the commander was ordered to be called Lieutenant-Guards. Tses-cha Konstantin Pavlovich p. 13 mrt. 1801, after the accession to the throne of Alexander I, p.b. again named Lieutenant-Guards. K. p. In 1805, the p. especially distinguished himself at Austerlitz. On this day con. The guard heroically attacked the infantry brigade that occupied the Pratsen Heights and recaptured the banner from the 4th Line. French shelf; for this feat regiment b. issued new standards with the caption: “For the capture of the enemy banner at Austerlitz. In the campaign of 1807, the unit fought at Friedland and lost 16 officers and 116 soldiers in this battle. In the Patriotic War, 4 squadrons. became part of the 1st Western Army and took part in the battles of Borodino, Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets and Vyazma. , participating in the battles of Klyastitsy, Svolna, Borisov, especially distinguished himself near Polotsk on August 5. On this day, the Red Guards carried out a brilliant attack and, overthrowing the French. cuirassier, repulsed 15 ord. 27 dKB. 1812 p.b. reorganized into 6 acts. and 1 stock. esc-n. 13 Apr 1813 for Fatherland. war to the regiment b. granted by George. standards with additional nadp.: “For distinction during the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812.” During the war of 1813, con. The guard took part in the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Kulm and Leipzig. 13 mrt. 1814, in the battle. at Fer-Champenoise, the village quickly attacked the captains of Marmont and Mortier and captured 6 troops. In case of unexpected the appearance of two infantry divisions, con. guard, together with the 1st cuirass. d-ziya, surrounded the enemy and chopped up 2 squares of infantry. In commemoration of this, the regiment b. granted Aug 30 1814 22 silver. George. pipes with overhead "Fer-Champenoise". On July 4, 1827, Nicholas I granted the regiment silver. kettledrums, captured from the Swedes after the victory near Poltava at Perevolochna and then granted to the life squadron of the prince. Menshikov. In 1831, the 1st and 3rd dzions took part in the pacification of the Polish. rebellion and made the entire campaign in the detachment of V.K. Mikhail Pavlovich, forming the Guard reserve. k-sa. After the death of Tses-cha Konstantin Pavlovich, Nicholas I appointed himself on June 25, 1831 as Chief on April 6. 1837 from unlimited vacation pay n. officials b. the 7th reserve has been formed. esc., and 25 Jan. 1842 ordered b. have frame for 8th stock. esc-na. In 1848, the 7th reserve. esc-n b. named reserve and the 8th reserve was formed. esc. On July 27, 1851, Nicholas I solemnly celebrated his 55th birthday. anniversary from the date of his enrollment in the lists of the p. and granted con. guard 3 new George. standard with the caption: “Rejected for the capture at Austerlitz. banner and for distinction during the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812.” and “1730-1830”, with Andreev. anniversary tape. Throughout his reign, Nicholas I was especially merciful to the con. guard and, calling the regiment “my old woman con.” Guard,” constantly showed high signs of favor to the regiment. In 1856, con. guard b. reorganized into 4 acts. and 1 res. esc-n. 29 dKB. 1863 res. esc-n b. allocated from the village to the Guards. res. Cav. br-dy, but 4 Aug. 1864 rejoined p. July 27, 1875 res. esc-n b. renamed to spare. Aug 6 1883 item is given in 4-esq. composition, and stock. esc was reorganized into the department of personnel No. 1 of the Guards. Cav. stock. From Vys. The chiefs of the village were: Anna Ioannovna (from July 23, 1730 to October 17, 1740), Elisaveta Petrovna (from November 25, 1741 to 25 dkb. 1761), Peter III (from 25 dkb. 1761 to March 9, 1762), Catherine II (from June 28, 1762 to March 6, 1796), Paul I (from November 7, 1796 to March 11, 1801), Tses -ch Konstantin Pavlovich (from May 20, 1800 to July 15, 1831), Nicholas I (from June 25, 1831 to February 18, 1855), Alexander II (from February 19, 1855 to March 1, 1881), Alexander III (from 2 (Mr. 1881 to Oct. 21, 1894). Nowadays the Head of the village is the Emperor Nicholas II (since November 2, 1894). Listed in the regiment Nasl-k Tses-ch V.K. Alexey Nikolaevich (since July 30, 1901). Min-r Imp. yard of the city-hell. gr. Fredericks is the chief of the 4th squadron (since 23 dkb. 1905); g.-ad. book Golitsyn I was the chief of the 4th squadron from 25 mrt. 1886 for 3 mrt. 1888 Seniority since June 16, 1706 Regiment. holiday 25 mrt. ( Annenkov, East. L.-Gv. K. p., 1849; Stackelberg, One and a half centuries guards 1730-1880; Con. guard 14 dkb. 1825; Volynsky, Gradual development of regular. cavalry in the era of Peter V., “Rus. Inv." 1911, No. 8 et seq.).

Horse Life Guards Regiment Uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment in 1848 Regimental seniority - 03/07/1721 Location: St. Petersburg

Life Guards Horse Regiment Regimental badge "On the occasion of the bicentenary of the founding of the Horse Guards" Type: Regiment A country: Formed: 7.03.1721 Disbanded: 1918 (?) Awards and titles: see text Type of army: Cavalry Contains: 1st Guard. Cav. division (Guards K, Petersburg Military District) Location: Petersburg

Story

Formed on March 7, 1721 from the dragoon life squadron (squadron) of Prince Menshikov, the Domovoy (that is, personal) dragoon company of Field Marshal Count Sheremetev and the Dragoon company of the St. Petersburg province called Kronshlotsky Dragoon.

On December 21, 1725, it was reorganized into a life regiment according to the Swedish model and staffed exclusively by nobles. Unlike other dragoons, the regiment received a red instrument color and camisoles with gold cords; equipment and weapons were the same as those of the guard; instead of one pistol there were two, and there were no axes. The Life Regiment was granted the kettledrums of the Swedish Horse Guards, taken from them in the battle of Poltava on July 8, 1709.

On December 31, 1730 the regiment was named Horse Guards and endowed with all the rights of the guard - thereby marking the beginning of the regular guard cavalry. Regimental staff: 5 squadrons of 2 companies each (total 1,423 people, of which 1,111 were combat ranks). Empress Anna assumed the rank of colonel or chief of a regiment; then this title was borne by Peter III and Catherine II.

The daily uniform of the Horse Guards was similar to that of the dragoons, differing only in the red color of the camisole and trousers. The dress uniform consisted of a tunic, a tunic and trousers made of deerskin, an iron half-cuirass with copper elements, a broadsword on a belt belt, a carbine without a bayonet with a sling and two pistols. The equipment and horse harness were similar to those of the dragoons. Since the time of Empress Anna, the regiment was staffed mainly by Baltic (Baltic) Germans.

In 1737, the regiment took its first part in hostilities - three of the ten companies of the regiment fought during the capture of Ochakov and in the Battle of Stavuchany during the Russian-Turkish War.

Paul I included part of the Gatchina cavalry troops in the regiment, and in 1800 appointed him chief of Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1801, Emperor Alexander I named the Life Guards regiment Horse. After the death of Tsarevich Constantine, the reigning sovereigns were considered the chiefs of the regiment.

In 1805, the regiment took part in the Austrian campaign, and on November 20 participated in the Battle of Austerlitz. All five squadrons of the regiment under the command of Major General I. F. Yankovic, together with the Life Hussars, attacked the French infantry battalion. Privates of the 3rd platoon of the 2nd squadron Gavrilov, Omelchenko, Ushakov and Lazunov captured an honorary trophy - the French battalion "eagle" of the 4th linear regiment. For this distinction, the inscription “For the capture of the enemy’s banner at Austerlitz on November 20, 1805” was placed on the regiment’s standard.

In 1807, Horse Guards took part in the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland. On July 2, near Friedland, the regiment, under fire from 30 French guns, attacked and overthrew the French cavalry, then breaking into the infantry formations. The 4th squadron of the regiment under the command of captain Prince I.M. Vadbolsky, at the cost of heavy losses, saved the regiment from a counterattack by the French cavalry. In the cavalry attack, 16 officers and 116 lower ranks of the regiment were killed.

The regiment distinguished itself in the Battle of Borodino, together with Cavalry Regiment attacking Lorge's cuirassier division from Latour-Maubourg's corps at Raevsky's battery. For this battle, 32 horse guards officers were awarded orders.

In April 1813, the regiment was awarded the St. George Standards with the inscription “For distinction in the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812.”

In 1813 the regiment took part in Foreign campaign of the Russian Army and fought 16-18 August 1813 at Kulm, 4-6 October 1813 at Leipzig and 13 March 1814 at Fère-Champenoise. For the last battle, the regiment received 22 St. George's trumpets with the inscription "For bravery against the enemy at Fer-Champenoise on March 13, 1814." On March 19, 1814, the regiment, together with the entire Russian army, entered Paris. For this campaign, the regiment was awarded the St. George Standard.

On December 14, 1825, the regiment took part in the dispersal of the rebels on Senate Square. Private Pavel Panyuta of the 3rd squadron was killed in the skirmish.

In 1831, two divisions of the regiment took part in the suppression Polish rebellion and the storming of Warsaw (August 25-26). From 1835 to 1846, many officers of the regiment volunteered to participate in the Caucasian War. In 1849, the regiment took part in suppressing the rebellion in Hungary. During the Crimean War, the regiment served to protect the coast of the Gulf of Finland from Peterhof to St. Petersburg in the event of an Anglo-French landing. In 1877-78, many regiment officers volunteered to go to Russian-Turkish war. During the Russo-Japanese War, the regiment did not participate in battles, but several officers and 28 lower ranks of the regiment volunteered to go to the front.

In 1914, the regiment went to the German front as part of the 1st Army of General Rennenkampf. On August 6, he took part in the battle of Caushen, where guards on foot, without lying down, attacked a German battery covered by machine guns. The regiment suffered heavy losses. The outcome of the attack was decided by the cavalry attack of the Life Squadron under the command of Captain P. N. Wrangel, during which almost all the squadron officers were killed.

On July 28, 1917, the regiment was renamed the Horse Guards. In December, the disbandment of the regiment began. On December 19, near Zhmerinka, the first division (1, 2 and 5 squadrons) was disbanded, and the second division (3, 4 and 6 squadrons) disbanded itself. The officers and some of the lower ranks went home, and about 150 lower ranks returned to the barracks in Petrograd, where in February-March 1918 the regiment was finally disbanded.

From the lower ranks and non-commissioned officers of the guard who returned to Petrograd in January 1918, the Petrograd Council formed the 1st Cavalry Regiment of the Red Army (regiment commander Kusin, assistant commander Fomichev, commander of the 1st squadron Eroshov, adjutant of the regiment Karachintsev), disarmed in the spring of 1919 for the desire of the officers to go over to the whites.

Since January 1919, the Horse Guards, together with other guards cuirassiers, became part of the mounted reconnaissance team of the Consolidated Guards Infantry Regiment of the Volunteer Army. In March 1919, the Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division was formed, in which the Horse Guards made up the 2nd squadron. In June 1919, on the basis of the Consolidated Regiment, the 1st Guards Consolidated Cuirassier Regiment was formed, in which the Horse Guards were represented by 2 squadrons. On December 15, 1919, the squadron of the Cavalry Regiment became part of the Consolidated Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division, and upon arrival in Crimea, on May 1, 1920, it became the 2nd Squadron of the Guards Cavalry Regiment of the Russian Army under General Wrangel. During the battles of the summer-autumn 1920, the squadron lost a significant part of its strength, and the survivors were consolidated into a platoon, which General Wrangel turned into his convoy.

Life Guards Cavalry Regiment of His Imperial Majesty

Of all the guards regiments in Russia, the cavalry guards and horse guards have always stood out in particular, and it was between these two regiments that throughout the history of their existence there was constant friendly rivalry for the right to be considered the most brilliant guards regiment in Russia.

However, the Horse Regiment was still the first regular cavalry regiment in the Russian Guard, and it is from this regiment that the existence of the Guards cavalry in Russia dates back to.

Meanwhile, in historical literature, naturally published in our time, one can find other versions. For example, a company of drabants (future cavalry guards) was formed in 1724, and the 2nd Ingermanland Dragoon Regiment of Jan Portes, from which Her Majesty’s Life Guards Cuirassier Regiment traces its history, was created in 1704.

It seems to the author that the first was the Cavalry Regiment, because It was formed as a regular Life Guards Cavalry Regiment in 1730, when the cavalry guards were not yet a regular unit, and the Cuirassier Life Guards were not even in the draft. This is confirmed by G.O.R. Brix in his book “History of Cavalry. Book II” written in 1879, where he clearly points to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment as the first guards cavalry regiment and names the exact date of its creation -31 December 1730.

A multi-part documentary film about the cavalry guards was recently shown on television, A.I. Talanov wrote a wonderful book, but the author of the article tried to briefly talk about the Horse Guards, an equally famous regiment, in this article on the Anatomy of the Army website, where it is planned to gradually publish short regimental histories of all units of the Russian Army.

The author immediately wants to make a reservation that the presented material is not a detailed and comprehensive study, but only a kind of brief reminder covering the history of the creation and service of one of the oldest regiments of the Russian Guard, because it is not possible to fit all the available material within the framework of an article on the site, moreover The author was unable to get to the most serious source - the three-volume History of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment, published in Paris in 1964.…

Life Guards Horse Regiment traces its history back to the Kronshlot Dragoon Regiment, established in 1706 by Decree of Peter the Great.

On the basis of the Kronshlot regiment, on December 21, 1726 (all dates in the text are given according to the old style), the Life Regiment was formed. Unlike other dragoons, the Life Regiment received red insignia and camisoles with gold cords; equipment and weapons were the same as those of the guard; instead of one pistol there were two, and there were no axes. The Life Regiment was granted the kettledrums of the Swedish Horse Guards, taken from them in the battle of Poltava on July 8, 1709. These kettledrums were granted to the Swedish Guards for the victory at Kalisz in 1702.

In 1730, the Russian throne was occupied by Empress Anna Ioannovna, the niece of Emperor Peter the Great. Being, after all, a foreigner, Anna Ioannovna decided to create a reliable support for her throne in her new possessions. In that era of palace coups, the guard played a decisive role in the “succession to the throne,” and the new empress was not particularly popular in the old guard regiments - Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky.

In contrast to these regiments, Anna Ioannovna, with the participation of German advisers, ordered the establishment of two new guards regiments - Izmailovsky and Cavalry.

On December 31, 1730, the Life Regiment was reorganized into the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment with all the rights of the Guards, and thus the beginning of the regular Guards cavalry was laid.

On October 2, 1732, the regiment received its final strength: 5 squadrons of 2 companies each - a total of 1,423 people, of which 1,111 were combat ranks.

In addition, in accordance with the project of Field Marshal Minich, who reorganized the Russian armed forces in Western European manners, cuirassier regiments began to be created in the army. A kind of “fashion” for cuirassiers arose, the same as later the fashion for hussars, horse huntsmen, and lancers. To attract more hunters to the cuirassier regiments, they were provided (rather, promised) special benefits:
- exemption from campaigns in Persia and Turkey;
- location in permanent apartments near the seat of the Court or in the best provinces (in Ukraine);
- salary is higher than in other regiments;
- seniority in ranks over other regiments (ordinary cuirassiers were equal to army corporals, etc.);
- abolition of corporal punishment.

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. I would like to draw the reader's attention to the difference in the types of cavalry units. Cavalry was divided into heavy and light.

The heavy ones included cuirassiers and dragoons, the light hussars, lancers, horse rangers, and horse grenadiers. Both cavalry guard regiments (Horse and Cavalry Guards) were essentially cuirassiers, i.e. regiments of heavy cavalry, and the difference between them was not fundamental, rather historical and traditional.

Light cavalry regiments (hussars and lancers) appeared in the Russian Army much later as a tribute to military fashion, since their role was quite successfully performed by Cossack regiments.

Horse huntsmen and horse grenadiers were generally unlucky. They were either created or eliminated, since the creators of these types of light cavalry themselves could not clearly explain their difference from other types of light cavalry.

Well, the guard acquired its own light cavalry regiments only in the 19th century.

The Horse Guards had in their ordinary uniform the same clothes as the dragoons, only the jacket and trousers were red); at the front door - tunic, tucking and trousers made of deerskin, an iron half-cuirass with copper elements, broadswords on a belt belt, carbines without bayonets with a sling and 2 pistols each. Equipment and horse gear like dragoons.

Until 1796, the Life Guards Horse Regiment was the only regular cavalry regiment in the Russian Guard. Most sources note that the regiment first participated in battles only in 1805. However, this is a misconception. The Horse Regiment took its first part in hostilities back in 1737, when three of the ten companies (sic in the original - author) of the regiment fought during the capture of Ochakov and in the Battle of Stavuchany during the Russian-Turkish War.

Around these years, the regiment was located in the barracks near the Smolny Monastery, where the Officer Cavalry School was later located.

During the time of Elizabeth Petrovna (who had the rank of Colonel of the Horse Guards), the Horse Regiment wore a uniform consisting of a cornflower blue caftan with a red collar, cuffs and lining, red pants and a camisole of the same color. With this uniform it was necessary to wear a white tie, gloves with cuffs and a hat with gold braid.

The picture shows an officer of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment 1742-62.

The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment in those days was staffed with officers not only from graduates of military schools and the Cadet Corps.

Everything that the historian Bolotov wrote on this issue in 1875, based on the memoirs of the 18th century, was applicable to him: “Sometimes the smallest children were included in active service, and so that they would receive seniority almost from birth, and so that it would be possible, through the machinations , then the children themselves should be hired as captains. As for the adults, most of them did not serve at all, but all lived at home and either wandered around, helipaded, brawled, or just roamed the fields with dogs, and inventing fashions and various extravagances; however, despite this, they even more quickly obtained the ranks of either lieutenants or captains, and, being mere children and suckers, were released in these ranks into army regiments, interrupting the line and seniority of those who actually served.” There were so many such officers complained about that “they didn’t know what to do with them...”. For example, the future Colonel Sablukov entered service in the Life Guards Horse Regiment in 1790 as a non-commissioned officer at the age of 14.

The Russian guard under Elizaveta Petrovna practically did not participate in battles, and turned into a kind of beautiful decoration for the monarchy, a “decoration” for balls and ceremonial receptions. One of the reasons for the participation of the guard in the murder of Emperor Peter III was his decision to send the guard to the war with Denmark, thereby forcing the military nobles to serve their state.

Catherine II, who ascended the throne as a result of the coup, was forced to live all her life with an eye on the guard, remembering its role in the Russian “succession to the throne,” and granted the guard (like all nobles) unprecedented benefits and liberties. For the Russian guards, just like the praetorians in Rome during the era of empires, could at any moment overthrow a monarch they disliked and install a “suitable” person, in their opinion, on the throne.

Many of Catherine II's favorites left the ranks of the guard. So, for example, Prince Grigory Potemkin began his service as a private in the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment...

In the early 1770s, Catherine II granted the Horse Guards estates in the Pochinkovskaya volost of the Saransk district of the Penza province. The regimental stud farm is located here.

Until 1805, the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment did not participate in hostilities, with the exception of the ranks of the regimental stud farm led by the head of the plant, Captain Pavlov, who distinguished themselves in a skirmish with the Pugachev rebels in 1774.

With the accession of Emperor Paul I, Prussian motifs again prevailed in the Russian Army, and, in particular, in its military uniform, of which Pavel Petrovich was a great admirer. On the very first day of his accession to the throne, the emperor introduced a new uniform in the guard, in particular, the Cavalry Regiment received, according to Sablukov’s memoirs, “... a new marching uniform of brown color, and a uniform of brick color and Quaker cut.” As for discipline, “...guard officers could now easily be arrested for misconduct, and no personal or class considerations could save the perpetrator from punishment.”

Note by Veremeev Yu.G. Reading all this, it is impossible to escape the thought that the image of Emperor Paul I that has developed in our historical science as a wild tyrant, a boundless tyrant, a fan of Prussian shagistics, drill, an enemy of officers and a monster over soldiers, a lover of parade parades, a persecutor of all the best that was in the Russian Army and a mentally abnormal person in general, does not correspond to the truth.

And this false image was created on the basis of the writings of those who looked at their service as a pleasant and easy pastime. Paul forced the nobles to remember their true purpose - to serve the country and the crown, put them in line, forced them to serve and not have fun, cleared the army and guard of all this worthless noble-idle elite. He made the guard what it should be - the guard of the sacred person of the sovereign emperor, the forge of officer personnel for the army, the most combat-ready part of the army, and deprived the guard officers, and in their person the high-secular nobility, of the opportunity to turn the reigning persons into puppets. He was not forgiven for this. But in these few years of his reign, Paul laid the foundations for the victories of the Russian Army in the Patriotic War of 1812.

After the introduction of new uniforms and new discipline, within the first few weeks about seventy Horse Guards officers left the regiment. Of the one hundred and thirty-two officers who were in the Cavalry Regiment in 1796, only two remained in it until the death of Paul I.

Count Palen was appointed commander of the entire guards cavalry, and he also took the post of inspector of heavy cavalry. Subsequently, the regiment was stationed in Tsarskoye Selo, and Major General Kozhin, who replaced Prince Golitsyn, was appointed commander.

Packaging features:

Chief officer and reiter of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1731-1742.	Chief officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1742-1762.	Chief officer and reiter of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1786-1796.

Non-commissioned officers of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1798-1801.	Chief officer, trumpeter and private of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1801-1803.	Chief officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1802-1809.

1864 August 4. The reserve squadron was assigned to, and it was ordered to be separated into the Guards Reserve Brigade only in case of war.

Non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1808-1809.	Non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1809-1812.	Non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1812-1814.

MARKS OF EXCELLENCE:

1) St. George’s standard, with the inscriptions: “For the capture of the enemy’s banner at Austerlitz and for distinction in the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812” and „1730-1830“ , with St. Andrew's anniversary ribbon. Committed to the command of Yankovic-Demirievo and Arsenyev. The highest order of September 28, 1807 and April 13, 1813. The highest charter 2? September 1807 and June 27, 1851

	Note 1st.
	P horse movement in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. VILLEVALDE Bogdan (Gottfried) Pavlovich. 1884. Oil on canvas. 56x82 cm. Artillery Museum, St. Petersburg.
	Note 2.
On June 27, 1851, he celebrated the anniversary on the occasion of 55 years since the enlistment of Emperor NICHOLAS I.

2) 22 St. George's trumpets, with the inscription: „ “ , granted on August 30, 1814 to Arsenyev’s command. The highest charter March 19, 1826

3) Silver timpani, with the inscription: „Sub Felicissimo, cersemine Potentissime Regessvecia Carolus XII cum. Polonus Saxon. Tart Woloscis et noc formen icta globum hostitis Clitzoviam, in Pol. 1702".

(In this entry, probably when executed with a chisel, some errors in letters crept in, in addition, there are abbreviations of words and irregularities regarding the grammatical form of the Latin language: approximately the inscription can be translated as follows: “For the glorious victory of the Great King of Sweden Charles XII over the Poles, Saxons , Tatars, Wallachians and other foreign peoples near Klichov in Poland 1702“.)

Recaptured from the Swedes after the victory near Poltava at Perevolochna and granted to the General Squadron of Prince Menshikov; - upon the formation of the Leningrad Guards, Cavalry they were handed over to the arsenal, for this reason they were kept in the Court Church in Strelna and on July 4, 1827 they were issued for use.

CHEF OF THE REGIMENT:

FORMER CHEFS OF THE REGIMENT:

	Anna Ioannovna, from July 23, 1730 to October 17, 1740.
	Elisaveta Petrovna, from November 25, 1741 to December 25, 1761.
	, from 1762 June 28 to 1796 November 6.
	Tsarevich KONSTANTIN PAVLOVICH from 1800 May 20 to 1831 June 15.
	, from 1831 June 25 to 1855 February 10. (When he was Chief from November 7, 1796 to May 28, 1800, when he was appointed Chief, and Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich was made Chief of the Horse Guards).
	, from 1855 February 19 to 1881 March 1 (listed in 1841 April 16).
	, 2nd Chief from 1866 October 28 to 1881 March 2 from 1881 March 2 to 1894 October 21 (listed in from 1866 February 26). Former chief of the 4th squadron.
	Prince GOLITSYN I from 1886 March 25 to 1888 March 3.

Staff officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1812-1815.	Chief officers of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1814-1826.	Staff officer and non-commissioned officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1814-1828.

THE HIGHEST PERSONS IN THE REGIMENT:

THEIR Imperial Highnesses, Grand Dukes:

	Portrait of the Heir-Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich with portraits-remarks of his sisters, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia. Rundaltsov, Mikhail Viktorovich. 1871-1935. Paper, drypoint engraving. 53x36.2 cm.
	Portrait of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich. Russia, 1869. Photographer: Bergamasco, Karl Ivanovich. 1830-1896. Albumen print, branded mat. 14x10; 15.5x10.8 cm.
	DIMITRY PAVLOVICH, from 1891 October 29.
	KONSTANTIN KONSTANTINOVICH, from 1858 August 10.
	DMITRY KONSTANTINOVICH, from 1860 June 1.

Musician, non-commissioned officer and private of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1815-1826.	Chief officer of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1815-1826.	Staff officer and private of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1826-1844.

THE HIGHEST PERSONS IN THE REGIMENT:

Chief officers of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1845-1848.	Privates L.Gv. Equestrian in 1845-1848.	Trumpeter and Life Guard Cavalry in 1845-1848.
Timpani player and private of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1846-1848.	Standard non-commissioned officer of the Life Guard Cavalry in 1846-1848.	General, Chief Officer and Private of the Life Guards Cavalry in 1848.

SERVED IN THE REGIMENT:

January 27, 1740, they entered through the Triumphal Gate into St. Petersburg with music and unfurled banners, having oak and laurel wreaths on bayonets.

1742 Two full companies, including 284 people, entered the Consolidated Guards, sent on May 20 under the command of Izmailovsky Second-Major Cherntsov to Finland, in the Army of Field Marshal Lassi, and took part in all offensive actions until August 23, i.e. until the conclusion of the capitulation, according to which the Swedish Army was allowed to return to Sweden, but with the abandonment of all Artillery, military shells and convoys.

1788-1789 3 squadrons of the Horse Guards were in the Guards detachments sent to Finland under the command of Tatishchev and Second Major Kushelev, but did not take part in the affairs.

Patriotic War of 1812:

1812 March 17, four squadrons under the command of Colonel Arsenyev set out on a campaign as part of the Main Army;

The 5th squadron was assigned to the reserve troops gathering in Pskov, but soon, together with the squadrons separated from the Cavalry Guard, His Majesty's Life Cuirassier and Her Majesty's Life Cuirassier regiments, it became part of the Consolidated Guards Cuirassier regiment, which entered Wittgenstein's Army.

The first 4 squadrons took part: on August 26 in the Battle of Borodino and then in the pursuit of the enemy during his retreat from Moscow.

Victor Faibisovich

Album of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment

In 1846, an unusual parade of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment took place in St. Petersburg. Horse Guards 1 held parades several times a year: in summer in Krasnoe Selo, in spring and winter in St. Petersburg. In the capital, Horse Guards took part in parades not only on the Champ de Mars and Palace Square, but also in the halls of the Winter Palace: on January 6, on the occasion of the sprinkling of the Standards with holy water, and on December 25, in memory of the victorious end of the Patriotic War of 1812; on the day of the regimental holiday, March 25, L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment ceremoniously marched past the sovereign in its famous regimental arena, built according to the design of Giacomo Quarenghi 2 .

This time the parade was scheduled for an unusual date and in an unusual place for the Horse Guards: November 7 in the arena of the Mikhailovsky Castle 3 . There was a good reason for this: on this day it was half a century since Emperor Pavel Petrovich ascended the throne - upon his accession, he proclaimed his newborn son Nicholas as Chief of the Horse Guards Regiment. The Horse Guards remained loyal to their emperor until his tragic death. Retiring from St. Petersburg in the spring of 1801, Maria Feodorovna, the widow of the slain emperor, wished that the squadron of the L.-Gv. would stand guard in Pavlovsk. Horse regiment. “I was immediately sent to Pavlovsk,” recalled Horse Guards officer N.A. Sablukov, “and my squadron, by special order of the sovereign, was equipped with new saddle blankets, cartridge belts and pistol holsters with the St. Andrew’s star, which, as you know, has an inscription with the motto “for the Faith” and Loyalty." This honorary award, as a fair tribute to the impeccability of our behavior during the conspiracy, was first given to my squadron, and then extended to the entire Horse Guards.” 4 .

Fifty years later, on November 7, 1846, Emperor Nicholas paraded in the Mikhailovsky ManegeIhonored the memory of his father and celebrated the half-century anniversary of his patronage over the Leningrad Guards. Horse regiment. However, this anniversary was very conditional. Starting with Empress Anna Ioannovna, the founder of the Horse Guards, all Russian monarchs, as a rule, became the chiefs of the latter; The only exception was Emperor AlexanderI. Anna Ioannovna, Elizaveta Petrovna and Catherine the Great were considered chiefs of the Horse Guards until their death. Only PeterIIIafter two months of patronage over the Horse Guards, he handed it over to his uncle, Georg Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein. However, the latter held the rank of chief for only four months. He failed to win the sympathy of the Horse Guards, and on the day of the coup on June 28, 1762, which they enthusiastically joined, the Horse Guards, according to CatherineII, “beat up” her boss. Catherine was listed in the rank of Colonel L.-Gv. Cavalry regiment thirty-four years old; after her death PavelIaccepted the title of chief of all guards regiments and at the same time appointed his four-month-old son Nikolai Colonel of the Horse Guards. However, before reaching the age of four, Nikolai Pavlovich was deprived of this honor: on May 28, 1800, the emperor transferred the title of chief of the Horse Guards Regiment to his other son, twenty-year-old Konstantin, who held it for more than thirty-one years. After the death of Konstantin Pavlovich (June 15, 1831), Nikolai, on the day of his thirty-fifth birthday (June 25, 1831), again assumed patronage over the Horse Guards; He remained chief of the Horse Guards until his death, but the total period of his patronage in 1846 was, of course, not fifty years, but less than sixteen.

Be that as it may, on November 7, 1846, the regiment was taken out for parade in the Mikhailovsky Manege in full force and in equestrian formation. The Emperor, who appeared to the Horse Guards in its regimental uniform, took command over it as Chief. His retinue, along with several adjutants from among the horse guards, consisted of the heir Alexander Nikolaevich and former regimental commanders - Count A.F. Orlov and Baron E.F. Meyendorff. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was in front of the 1st division. Upon the emperor's arrival at the arena, the signal for prayer was sounded by a choir of trumpeters, and standards were brought to the front of the regiment. The Horse Guards uncovered their heads, and a solemn prayer service began, ending with the proclamation of eternal memory to Emperor Paul. Then Nikolai Pavlovich addressed the regiment with a speech of gratitude, at the end of which the regiment passedrepeatedly a ceremonial march past the sovereign, who greeted the ranks of the Horse Guards with his greeting. At the end of the parade, non-commissioned officers and privates were treated to a gala dinner in the barracks; the officers were invited to the imperial table in the Winter Palace.

This event is immortalized in a magnificent album kept in the Pushkin House Museum (IRLI) 5 . The album is bound in a luxurious red morocco binding (53.5 x 46.5 x 8.5 cm) with five massive overlays of excellent gilded bronze. The corner overlays represent fittings from items of weapons and equipment of the Horse Guards framed by laurel branches: compositions of standards, lances with weather vanes, broadswords, helmets of the 1845 model, cuirasses and kettledrums. The center is decorated with an image of a double-headed eagle with a wreath and torches in its paws. The album covers are covered on the inside with white moiré; The block with a gold edge is made of thick sheets on which are pasted 86 portraits of Horse Guards and persons involved in the Horse Guards Regiment, painted by V.I. Gau (27.7 x 21.7 cm), as well as 7 images executed by K.K. Piratsky various scenes of regimental life of the Pavlovsk (2) and Nicholas (5) eras (36 x 29 cm). The album is stored in a special wooden case covered with light brown leather.

It was no coincidence that Vladimir Ivanovich Gau (1816-1895) was involved in the creation of this album. He went through an excellent school: first with K.F. Kügelchen in his native Revel (in 1827-1832), then at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, as a free student in the class of the famous battle painter A.I. Sauerweid (in 1832-1836 .). In 1836, his achievements in “watercolor painting” were awarded a large silver medal and the title of non-class artist. In 1838-1840 Vladimir Gau improved his skills in Germany and Italy. Upon his return to Russia, the twenty-four-year-old painter, miniaturist and watercolorist Vladimir Gau was appointed court portraitist of Emperor NicholasI 6 . His virtuoso mastery of the watercolor technique, scrupulous attention to costume accessories and furnishing details, combined with the ability to subtly flatter his model, ensured his success in the capital's society. The fertility of the young artist, who had to complete almost a hundred portraits in a short time; the skills he acquired in the battle painting class; finally, the favor that he enjoyed with the emperor - these are the reasons why the choice fell on Vladimir Gau.

Equally justified was the invitation to Vladimir Gau to collaborate with Karl Piratsky. Karl Karlovich Piratsky (1813 - 1871) was also a talented watercolorist. He entered the Academy of Arts as a pensioner of NikolaiI; like V. Gau, he studied in the class of A.I. Sauerweid. In 1832 and 1834 he received two small and one large silver medals for his success; in 1835 his painting “Interior View of a Stable” was awarded a small gold medal. However, the young battle painter did not participate in the competition for the big gold medal, burdened with orders from Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, who found in Piratsky an impeccable exponent of his fruity ideal. Upon leaving the Academy (1836) with a 1st degree certificate, twenty-three-year-old Karl Piratsky was appointed “court painter of His Majesty” with an annual salary of 3,000 rubles (a major general received such a salary from January 1, 1839 in the Horse Guards). Two years later, K.K. Piratsky began his many years of work on illustrations for the famous multi-volume publication “Historical Description of Clothing and Weapons of the Russian Troops.” By the time the Horse Guards album was created, it was difficult to find an artist more experienced in depicting scenes from military life and more knowledgeable in the “uniform distinctions” of the Pavlovian and Nicholas eras 7 .

L.-Gv. Horse Regiment - the oldest guards cavalry regiment in Russia 8 . In the first three decadesXVIIIV. The guard of the Russian emperors consisted of only two infantry regiments: Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. Having ascended the throne in 1730, Anna Ioannovna established the third - Izmailovsky; however, along with the Guards infantry, she wished to have Guards cavalry. The Dragoon Regiment, called the Life Regiment, was ordered to be transformed into the Drabant Guards or Horse Regiment. On the last day of 1730, the Governing Senate transferred the permission of the Empress to the Military College; By decree of the military department of January 4, 1731, the establishment of the Horse Guards was announced.

In 1737-1739 L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment fought with the Turks, and in 1742 and 1788. - with the Swedes. He gained unfading laurels in the Napoleonic wars. The Horse Guards did not lose face even in the disaster at Austerlitz, capturing the banner of the enemy’s 4th linear regiment (in this battle they lost 40 people killed and missing). The Horse Guard also distinguished itself at Friedland, where it suffered the heaviest losses since its founding (83 people killed and missing). The Horse Guards fought heroically at Borodino, where their regiment, along with the Cavalry Guards, was led by Barclay de Tolly himself in the attack on Raevsky’s battery. In 1813, L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment distinguished itself at Kulm and gained great fame at Ferchampenoise in 1814.

In 1846, the keepers of the legends of the heroic struggle against Napoleon remained in the Horse Guards only among the generals and lower ranks. Under Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, the Horse Guards took part only in the Polish campaign of 1831. However, in this war, the Horse Guards were in reserve and were not involved either in battles or in the assault on Warsaw. However, ranks and titles, orders and medals were very generously distributed to the participants in this campaign. However, we find true military awards in the portraits of only those Horse Guards who were sent to the theater of military operations during the Turkish War or to active detachments in the Caucasus, where since 1835 one of the Horse Guards officers was sent annually by lot.

But along with the Cavalry Regiment, the Horse Guards played a very noticeable role in the metropolitan life of the Nicholas era; in 1846 in Leningrad-Gv. Representatives of the Russian princely and ancient noble families (Prince Golitsyn, Prince Urusov, Naryshkin, Annenkov, Opochinin, Svechin, Bibikov, Golovin, Durnovo, Buturlin, Chicherin, Prince Vasilchikov) also served in the cavalry regiment.XVIIIV. (gr. Stroganovs, gr. Orlovs, gr. Shuvalovs, gr. Gudovichs), and the new Nikolaev bureaucratic elite - bar. Stackelbergs, gr. Cancrins or Adlerbergs. The uniform of the Horse Guards served as a kind of sign of belonging to high society. Let us remember that in Lermontov’s “Princess Ligovskaya” (1836) Georges Pechorin, whose “track record” the author builds according to all the canons of a successful military and secular career, serves in the Leningrad Guards. Cavalry regiment, where he was transferred from the army hussars for his distinction in the Polish campaign of 1831. 9 In 1846, Pechorin could already have the rank of captain or colonel...

The album opens with a portrait of the sovereign chief; it is followed by portraits of former Horse Guards who were in the regiment on November 7, 1796. There were ten such people in St. Petersburg in the fall of 1846: P.A. Hungarian, book. I.V. Vasilchikov, A.Z. Khitrovo, book. N.I. Dondukov-Korsakov, D.V. Vasilchikov, I.B. Zeidler, P.A. Chicherin, I.D. Danilov, P. Yakunin and M. Bashin - but not everyone took part in the celebration: P.A. Hungarian “due to weakness”, and I.V. Vasilchikov was not present at the parade due to illness. The Album, however, depicts all ten former Horse Guards.

Eight more of their comrades who served in officer ranks in 1796 (gr. G. Shtakelberg, A.S. Svechin, N.A. Sablukov, gr. A.I. Gudovich, gr. A.A. Debalmen, gr. F.P. von der Palen, gr. A.P. Ozharovsky, A.I. Ribopierre), did not participate in the parade due to absence in the capital, but portraits of two of them - N.A. Sablukov and A.I. Ribopierre - were also pasted into the album. The album also included portraits of two former Horse Guards enlisted in the regiment during that short period when the infant Nikolai was the chief of the regiment: gr. P.P. von der Palen and c. K.V.Nesselrode. The portrait of the latter appears first in the album after the portrait of the sovereign: gr. K.V. Nesselrode, who served in the Horse Guards for a little over three years, rose in the civil service to the rank of State Chancellor, and the portraits in the album are arranged according to the table of ranks, and the first section of this portrait gallery is completed by images of the lower ranks - Pyotr Yakunin and Maxim Bashin .

The second conventional section of the album contains three portraits of the Grand Dukes enlisted in the Cavalry Regiment during the reign of Emperor NicholasI, are portraits of his sons, Konstantin and Alexander, and grandson, Nikolai Alexandrovich. Note that the portrait of three-year-old Nicholas precedes the portrait of his adult uncle Constantine, for over time this boy was to become the heir to the throne.

The Grand Dukes are followed by the generals of the Horse Guards - gr. A.F. Orlov, bar. F.P. Offenberg, bar. E.F. Meyendorf, A.A. Essen, former regiment commanders. The portrait of P.P. Lansky, who commanded the Cavalry Regiment in 1846, is preceded by a portrait of the Tsarskoye Selo commandant bar. I.I. Velio, who did not serve as a regimental commander, but was listed in the Horse Guards with the rank of lieutenant general, while P.P. Lanskoy was only a major general. The portrait of P.P. Lansky is placed in the album along with the portrait of his wife, N.N. Lanskaya, born Goncharova, in Pushkina’s first marriage; this is the only female portrait in the album.

The portraits of the Lansky spouses are followed by portraits of eight colonels, fourteen captains, seven staff captains, ten lieutenants and fourteen cornets.

The gallery of horse guards is continued by portraits of non-combatants: the quartermaster, auditor, guard, doctors, veterinary assistant and regimental priest. It is completed by a portrait of warrant officer P.V. Eremeev - officer of the Invalid Guards No. 12 quarter company, attached to the Horse Guards 10 .

The album concludes with seven watercolors by K.K. Piratsky: five of them depict scenes from the contemporary life of L.-Gv. Horse Regiment; two depict the ranks of the Horse Guards of Pavlovian times.

Until now, it was generally accepted that the Horse Guards presented this album to Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich; This opinion was first expressed by a researcher at the Pushkin House M.D. Belyaev (1930) 11 However, there are no dedicatory inscriptions, inevitable when presenting gifts to the sovereign, in the album. Moreover: from the documents of the Archive of the Office of the Ministry of the Court (to which M.D. Belyaev first drew attention) it is clear that the album was created on the direct instructions of the emperor and was paid for from the funds of the Cabinet.

Apparently, Vladimir Gau was ordered to begin work on the portraits of the Horse Guards immediately after the end of the celebrations; At this time, the idea for the album was still very amorphous.

Note that out of 86 of his watercolors, V.I. Gau dated only 9, created at the initial stage of work on the album, and three portraits were painted back in 1846 (I.D. Danilova, M. Bashina and P. Yakunin), and six - in 1847 (Prince D.V. Vasilchikov, P.A. Hungarian, Prince N.I. Dondukov-Korsakov, Bar. E.F. Meyendorff, Gr. K.V. Nesselrode and Gr. P.P.Palena). Thus, the nine earliest watercolors include eight of fourteen portraits of horse guards who served under Pavel Petrovich, and one of four portraits of regimental commanders (bar. E.F. Meyendorff). This gives reason to assume that at first Emperor NicholasIwanted to photograph his “colleagues” in the Horse Guards during the first period of his patronage over it (1796-1800); then it was decided to add portraits of regimental commanders to their images.

K.K.Piratsky was involved in working on the album several months later than V.I.Gau. “April 11, 1847,” Piratsky reports in a report to the Minister of the Court, Prince. P.M. Volkonsky, - His Imperial Majesty, the Sovereign Emperor, was pleased to honor me with confidence and personally order me to compose and paint in watercolors five paintings in groups depicting the complete uniform and armament of the Leningrad Guards. Cavalry regiment on foot and on horseback, with portraits in miniature: His Imperial Majesty, His Highness the Sovereign Heir Tsarevich and His Highness the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, also Mr. Adjutant General, in the Leningrad Guards Cavalry Regiment consisting of staff and chief officers, and the entire non-commissioned staff with lower ranks of all ranks" 12 .

A few months later, in the last days of 1848 or the first days of 1849, Vladimir Gau was given the highest order to “make portraits of ladies” - the spouses of generals and officers of the L.-Gv. Horse Regiment; the artist asked to clarify: “in what costume will they be depicted: in closed or cut-out dresses or in Russian attire.” In relation to January 7, 1849, the Minister of the Court, Prince. P.M. Volkonsky explained to “Mr. Painter Gau” that “His Majesty would like to have from the portraits of the spouses of generals, headquarters and chief officers of this regiment only the portrait of the wife of the commander, Major General Lansky, giving her the choice of costume.” 13 .

November 9, 1849 Prince. P.M. Volkonsky demanded that he be provided with a certificate indicating whether V. Gau and K. Piratsky had been paid for the work, and “if not, then find out how many portraits and drawings each of them painted, and what payment was expected for them.”

K. Piratsky reported on November 14, 1849 that he had completed all five paintings and asked for “no more than 1,250 silver rubles” for them. 14 . The invoice for the execution of morocco binding with a patent lock (70 rubles) and bronze decorations (160 rubles), submitted to the office of the Ministry of the Court from the workshop of J.K. Laufert (J. C. Lauffert), engaged in bookbinding, producing business cards and various types of tickets 15 . At the same time, V. Gau delivered a list of his works to Volkonsky’s office, reporting that in addition to the previously paid 30 portraits, he completed 48 more. Each portrait was valued by the author at 58 silver rubles 16 . The bills of V.I. Gau, K.K. Piratsky and J.K. Laufert were paid immediately 17 .

Later, V.I. Gau painted eight more portraits 18 . At the end of 1849 or in 1850 NikolaiIinstructed Charles of Pirates to “compile and write<…>two more of the same paintings in addition to the previous ones<…>depicting the uniform of the L.-Guards. Cavalry regiment during the reign of Emperor Pavel Petrovich." The artist completed the new task by March 1, 1851. 19

Apparently, this date marked the end of work on the album; he was installed in the Winter Palace and, apparently, became a kind of model according to which the album of the L.-Guards was created. Izmailovsky, and later L.-Gv. Hussar and other regiments. In the post-revolutionary years, the album of the Horse Guards attracted attention mainly due to the portrait of N.N. Lanskaya in it; This portrait predetermined the future fate of the album: in 1928 it was transferred from the Hermitage for permanent storage to the Institute of Russian Literature - Pushkin House.

Meanwhile, this album is of interest not only to Pushkin scholars. It attracted the constant attention of visitors to the grandiose temporary exhibition “L.-Gv. Horse Regiment”, which opened on November 5, 1992 in the Central Exhibition Hall - the former Horse Guards Manege. However, this exhibition also made known to the general public only the very fact of the album’s existence, but not its content. This publication aims to introduce the readers of Our Heritage to this unique artistic and historical monument for the first time.

Representative selection of ranks of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment

Artist V.I.Gau:

His Imperial Majesty

Sovereign Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich.

Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich was appointed colonel of the Life Guards. Cavalry regiment in its infancy and was listed as its chief from November 7, 1796 to May 28, 1800. June 25, 1831 NicholasIregained the title of chief of the L.-Gv. Horse Regiment; Upon his accession to the throne, he accepted the rank of colonel of all regiments of the Guard. The title of chief of the L.-Gv. Cavalry regiment NikolaiIrecaptured June 25, 1831; He remained chief of the Horse Guards until his death on February 18, 1855. The Emperor also patronized the Life Guards. Podolsk Cuirassier Regiment, L.-Gv. Jaeger Regiment and over the 1st Cadet Corps.

Emperor NicholasIdepicted in a cuirass over the tunic of a general of the Horse Guards, with ribbons of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (on top of the cuirass) and St. VladimirIclass (over the tunic, under the cuirass), with the Order of St. GeorgeIVclass for twenty-five years of service in officer ranks (1838). To the right, on a cornflower blue ribbon (kornblumenblau) colors - Prussian Insignia for 25 years of service in officer ranks, established on June 18, 1825 by Friedrich WilhelmIII; this sign marked the 25th anniversary of the patronage of Emperor NicholasIin the 6th Cuirassier Regiment of the Prussian Army 20 . This cross was made of gilded bronze; but the sign made for Emperor Nicholas was minted in gold 21 . Along with this cross, Nikolai Pavlovich’s chest is decorated with the medal “For the Turkish War” and two badges from the numerous foreign orders that the emperor possessed.

Prince Larion Vasiliev Vasilchikov,

born 1777. Entered service in 1793.

Depicted in a frock coat with adjutant general's epaulettes and aiguillette; in accordance with the rules for wearing orders on a frock coat, the Order of St. GeorgeIIclass, received by I.V. Vasilchikov on January 17, 1814 for distinction in the Battle of Brienne, is indicated only by a neck cross, without a star.

Illarion Vasilchikov was enrolled in the Leningrad Guards in his adolescence. Izmailovsky Regiment, but began his service as a sergeant in the Horse Guards and was promoted to officer at the age of sixteen (January 1, 1793); at twenty-two he reached the rank of captain (April 21, 1799), and a month later PavelIgranted him full chamberlain status. In the Napoleonic wars, I.V. Vasilchikov became famous as a brave military general; in 1817-1821 he commanded the Guards Corps. Upon his accession to the throne, NicholasIgranted him the count, and subsequently (1839) the princely dignity; he made him chief inspector of all cavalry (from 1833), and in 1838 appointed him chairman of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers.

November 7, 1846, in connection with the fiftieth anniversary of the sovereign’s patronage over the Leningrad Guards. Prince's horse regiment I.V. Vasilchikov was re-enlisted in the Horse Guards. However, he did not take part in the celebrations due to illness; three and a half months later, February 21, 1847, book. I.V. Vasilchikov died.

The episode associated with his appointment as chairman of the State Council clearly characterizes Illarion Vasilyevich: “A man of honor and truth, a spirited cavalryman, a hussar, a knight of battles with Napoleon, he was so respected that he was awarded one of the highest titles in the state,” recalls Count. V.I. Sollogub. - That's how he reacted to it. Mother met him at M.A. Naryshkina’s and congratulated him on his appointment. “It’s good for you,” he answered sadly, “but what about me?” I couldn't sleep for a minute all night. My God! How far we have come, that they couldn’t find anyone better than me for such a position.” 22 .

Cavalry General, Adjutant General

Count Peter Petrovich von der Palen,

born 1777, entered service 1792,

The Life Guards joined the Horse Regiment in 1798.

Depicted in the dolman of the Sumy Hussar Regiment, of which he was listed as the chief, with the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called, St. GeorgeIIclass received in 1814 for the capture of Paris, star of the Order of St. Vladimir and insignia of the orderVirtutiMilitary; with medals “In memory of the Patriotic War of 1812”, “For the capture of Paris”, etc.

Gr. P.P. von der Palen was enlisted in the Horse Guards at the age of thirteen and two years later promoted to captain with an appointment to the Orenburg Dragoon Regiment (January 1, 1792). On September 27, 1798, Palen was again assigned to the Leningrad Guards. Cavalry regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel, but less than two weeks later he retired as a colonel (October 9, 1798). A year later he re-entered the service; September 18, 1800 PaulIpromoted twenty-two-year-old Pyotr Palen to major general and appointed him commander of the Kargopol Dragoon Regiment. This day marked the beginning of his career as a brilliant cavalry commander, who famously participated in almost all the wars of the Alexander and Nicholas reigns. “If the universe collapses, it will bury him undaunted in its ruins,” A.P. Ermolov said about him in his notes in the words of Horace. In 1835 gr. von der Palen was appointed ambassador to France; He was just as firm and unswervingly consistent in this post, allowing himself to contradict the emperor if his ideas about the dignity of Russia differed from the opinions of the sovereign.

March 30, 1849 Emperor NicholasIgave the order to enroll Palen in the Horse Regiment, and on March 25, 1862 AlexanderIIappointed gr. P.P. von der Pahlen as chief of the Fifth Reserve Squadron of the Horse Guards.

Maxim Bashin

born 1762, entered service 1782,

Depicted in the uniform of a retired non-commissioned officer, with a medal “For Diligence”.

Since childhood, Maxim Bashin was assigned to the Horse Guards stud farm in the village of Pochinki (Saransky district, Shatsk province, Voronezh province); As a twelve-year-old teenager, he was captured by the Pugachevites, who raided this village. Subsequently, M. Bashin served in the Leningrad Guards. Cavalry Regiment and retired as a non-commissioned officer; in 1846 he was listed as a counter during the Expedition for the procurement of State papers.

Along with another veteran, private Pyotr Yakunin, who, like him, was in the regiment on November 7, 1796 (the day Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich was appointed chief of the Horse Guards), Maxim Bashin was awarded the gold medal “For Diligence”; the emperor granted both 150 silver rubles.

His Imperial Highness the Sovereign Heir Tsarevich

Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich,

Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, later Emperor AlexanderIIdepicted in a red Horse Guards uniform with adjutant general epaulettes and aiguillette; with a ribbon and star of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, a star of the Order of St. Vladimir and the sign of the Hessian Order of Ludwig: on April 16, 1841, on the eve of his birthday, Alexander Nikolaevich married Princess Maria of Hesse, daughter of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt LudwigII.

April 16, 1841 Emperor NicholasIordered the heir to the crown prince to be “in all those regiments that the sovereign emperor deigns to be the chief of.” Upon his accession to the throne, February 19, 1855, Emperor AlexanderIIaccepted the rank of chief of the L.-Gv. Horse regiment.

Cavalry General, Adjutant General

Count Alexey Fedorov Orlov,

born 1786, entered service 1804

Depicted in a red Horse Guards uniform, with adjutant general's epaulettes and aiguillette; with ribbon and star of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, star of the Order of St. VladimirIclass, star and cross of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, badge of the Order of St. GeorgeIVclass, medals “In Memory of the Patriotic War of 1812”, “For the Capture of Paris” and “For the Turkish War”, the Insignia of Immaculate Service, the Kulm Cross, two foreign orders and a medal.

Count, later prince, A.F. Orlov - a military and statesman, a gifted diplomat - was one of the most prominent figures of Nicholas's reign. Having begun his service in the Foreign Collegium in 1801, Alexey Orlov decided in 1803 to join the Leningrad Guards. Hussar Regiment as a cadet, participated in the campaigns of 1805 and 1807. and rose to the rank of staff captain. With this rank he was transferred in 1809 to the Horse Guards and appointed adjutant to Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich; participated in the campaigns of 1812, 1813 and 1814.

Alexei Orlov was brave and possessed heroic strength; at Borodino, a horse was killed under him, and he had to fight off with a broadsword four Polish lancers who were pressing on him, inflicting several wounds on him with pikes. At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Orlov retired with the rank of colonel, but a year later he re-entered the service (1815), in 1816 he was granted an aide-de-camp, and in 1817 he was promoted to major general. From August 16, 1819 until April 21, 1828 A.F. Orlov commanded the Leningrad Guards. Horse regiment. On December 14, 1825, the Horse Guards of the first of the units loyal to Nikolai Pavlovich entered Senate Square; On December 25, Orlov was elevated to the dignity of count.

After the death of gr. A.H. Benkendorf Alexey Fedorovich without hesitation accepted the position of chief of gendarmes and chiefIIIBranches of their own E.I.V. office, but did not personally direct the political investigation, entrusting this unimportant matter to L.V. Dubelt. At the end of the Crimean War, gr. A.F. Orlov successfully defended the interests of Russia at the Paris Congress (1856); in 1857 Emperor AlexanderIIgranted him the title of prince. At the end of the 1850s. at the book A.F. Orlov showed signs of mental illness. According to a contemporary, “in old age his mind weakened, his memory failed him, and he was in a state close to insanity.” 23 . Book A.F. Orlov died in St. Petersburg on May 9, 1861.

Major General Pyotr Petrovich Lanskoy,

born 1799, entered service 1818

Depicted in a Horse Guards tunic with the Order of St. VladimirIII class, St. Anna IIclass with Imperial crown, StanislavIIclass, St. GeorgeIVclass for service, the insignia of blameless service for 25 years and the insignia of the Prussian Order of St. John of Jerusalem.

P.P. Lanskoy began serving in the cavalry guards; Pyotr Petrovich received his first officer rank on June 25, 1818; At the age of thirty-five, he was granted the rank of adjutant (April 23, 1834) and promoted to colonel (December 6, 1834). However, Lansky had to wait more than eight years for promotion to general: it followed on April 10, 1843 “for distinguished service.” For more than a year, Lanskoy “was attached to the Guards Corps” without a specific position, awaiting a vacancy. Apparently, the appointment exceeded all his expectations. “He had reason to expect a quick appointment as commander of an army regiment in some remote place<…>- his daughter A.P. Arapova (1845-1919) writes in her notes, - when suddenly he had an unexpected, one might even say, extraordinary happiness. A special sign of the royal favor was his appointment directly from his retinue as commander of the Leningrad Guards. The cavalry regiment, whose chief was the sovereign" 24 . This appointment took place on May 9, 1844. With the rank of major general and adjutant general (from April 3, 1849), Lanskoy commanded the regiment until 1853, when he was expelled from the post of commander of the Horse Guards with simultaneous promotion to lieutenant general; in 1856 - 1861 he commanded the 1st Guards. Cavalry division. P.P. Lanskoy died at the age of seventy-eight, on May 6, 1877.

Wife of the commander of the Leningrad Guards Cavalry Regiment

Major General Pyotr Petrovich Lansky,

Natalya Nikolaevna Lanskaya.

The portrait of Natalya Nikolaevna was painted by V. Gau between January 7 and November 19, 1849. This portrait was neither the first nor the only portrait of Natalya Nikolaevna painted by V. I. Gau. At the same time, as a modern researcher notes, “it can be assumed that it was the emperor who ordered and paid for all the portraits of Natalya Nikolaevna painted by Gau in 1841-1844.” 25 .

Natalya Nikolaevna Pushkina, née Goncharova, entered into her second marriage with P.P. Lansky on July 16, 1844. It is well known that the sovereign was not indifferent to the beauty of Natalya Nikolaevna; her marriage to P.P. Lansky therefore caused a lot of misunderstandings. On May 28, 1844, M.A. Korf wrote: “Marie Louise desecrated Napoleon’s Lodge with her marriage to Her. After seven years of widowhood, Pushkin’s widow marries General Lansky... The world also asks: “What do you say about this marriage?”, but in a completely different sense: neither Pushkina nor Lansky have anything, and the world is amazed only at this union of hunger with thirst. Pushkina is one of those privileged young women whom the Tsar sometimes honors with his visits. Six weeks ago he was also with her, and as a result of this visit or simply by chance, only Lanskoy was subsequently appointed commander of the Horse Guards Regiment, which at least temporarily ensures their existence, because, in addition to the apartment, firewood, crew, etc., the regiment , as everyone says, gives thousands to thirty thousand annual income..." 26 . It is known that the sovereign volunteered to be seated by his father at the wedding of Pushkina and Lansky, but Natalya Nikolaevna declined this honor 27 . Emperor Nicholas sent her a clasp as a gift; apparently, it is depicted on the neck of N.N. Lanskaya in the portrait of V.I. Gau 28 .

Despite the gossip, Natalya Nikolaevna’s second marriage was happy; The Lanskys lived in harmony for almost twenty years.

Wing-Adjutant Captain Ivan Vasiliev Annenkov,

born 1813, entered service 1833

Depicted in a Horse Guards tunic with adjutant epaulettes and aiguillette; with the Order of StanislavIII class.

I.V. Annenkov was graduated as a cornet of the Horse Guards on November 8, 1833 from the School of Guards Ensigns and Junkers. On November 12, 1840, he was appointed regimental adjutant, and the following year he was promoted to captain. On the fiftieth anniversary of the emperor's patronage over the Horse Guards, November 7, 1846, the sovereign granted Ivan Annenkov an aide-de-camp.

I.V. Annenkov was a member of the regiment until 1851. Subsequently, he served as vice-director of the inspectorate department of the War Ministry, head of the 1st district of the Gendarme Corps, St. Petersburg police chief and, finally, capital commandant. He ended his career with the rank of adjutant general and cavalry general. The brother of the famous critic and Pushkin scholar P.V. Annenkov, Ivan Vasilyevich himself was not devoid of a literary gift; his pen belongs to “History of the Leningrad Guards. Horse Regiment, from 1731 to 1848", in four parts, with atlas on 25 sheets, published in 1849.

Wing Adjutant, Captain Prince Vladimir Dmitriev Golitsyn,

born 1815, entered service 1835

Depicted in a retinue uniform with aide-de-camp epaulettes and aiguillettes, with the Order of St. VladimirIVclass with a bow.

Vladimir Dmitrievich was born in St. Petersburg, in the family of His Serene Highness Prince D.V. Golitsyn, later Moscow Governor-General. Having received a home education, he passed the officer exam in the Corps of Pages and on February 16, 1836, was promoted to cornet of the Horse Guards. In 1842, with the rank of staff captain, Prince. V.D. Golitsyn was seconded to the Caucasian corps. In battles with the highlanders, he earned the Order of St. VladimirIVdegree with bow. April 6, 1844 Prince. V.D. Golitsyn was promoted to adjutant wing, and on December 6 of the same year - to captain. In the future, D.V. Golitsyn’s career developed just as successfully. In 1853 -1855. he commanded the Cuirassier Regiment of the Military Order, and on December 27, 1855 he was appointed commander of the Horse Guards. He remained in this position until 1864, when he received orders to command the 1st Guards Cavalry Division. Book V.D. Golitsyn ended his career as chief of horsemen, adjutant general, and cavalry general; His last award was the appointment as chief of the 4th squadron of the Leningrad Guards. Horse regiment. According to the book. A.V. Meshchersky, book. V.D. Golitsyn was distinguished by rare kindness, honesty and directness. He always treated the lower ranks very humanely; the soldiers of the squadron, of which he was the chief, received awards from him every year. On his estate he set up a hospital, a school and an orphanage. Book V.D. Golitsyn died on February 21, 1888; he was buried in the Horse Guards Church of the Annunciation.

Wing Adjutant, Headquarters Captain

Prince Viktor Larionov Vasilchikov,

born 1820, entered service 1839

Depicted in a retinue uniform, with aide-de-camp epaulettes and aiguillettes, with the Order of St. AnnaIIIclass with a bow and 5 foreign orders.

Book Viktor Vasilchikov, the son of the Chairman of the State Council, is marked by all the signs of a brilliantly started career: at the age of 26 he reached the rank of captain, was promoted to adjutant wing (1844) and was awarded not only a military order for distinction in battles against the highlanders (1843), but and numerous foreign awards. Time has shown that with this career the prince. V.I. Vasilchikov was obliged to personal merits, and not to the merits of his father. During the Crimean War, as chief of staff of the Sevastopol garrison, he showed miracles of courage and stewardship. When P.S. Nakhimov was reproached for exposing himself to excessive danger, the admiral, frowning, replied: “That’s not what you’re saying, sir; they’ll kill me, they’ll kill you, that’s okay, but if they use up Prince Vasilchikov, that’s a disaster, sir: Sevastopol will be in trouble without him.” 29 . Book V.I. Vasilchikov left the burning city among its last defenders; for the defense of Sevastopol he was awarded the Order of St. GeorgeIIIclass (July 6, 1855). Major General V.I. Vasilchikov retired in 1867.

Doctor State Councilor Philip Yakovlev Karell,

born 1806, entered service 1832

Depicted in the uniform of a class official of the military department, with the orders of St. VladimirIIIclass and St. AnnaIIclass with the Imperial crown.

Philip Yakovlevich Karell received his medical education at the University of Dorpat. On May 16, 1832, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine and on June 7 of the same year he began serving as a battalion doctor in the Leningrad Guards. Grenadier Regiment. November 28, 1834 F.Ya. Karell entered the Horse Guards; On May 2, 1838, he was confirmed as a regimental doctor and until the end of his life he headed the hospital of the Leningrad Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1849 he was promoted to life physician, in 1856 to full state councilor, and in 1867 to privy councilor. F.Ya. Karell was the first to introduce Russian doctors to the application of a starch dressing for bone fractures, introduced and developed a system of milk treatment (his treatise on treatment with milk was translated into all European languages). Philip Yakovlevich Karell was the organizer of sanitary companies in the Russian army and one of the founders of the Red Cross Society.

[Archpriest Alexy Vasilievich Lyashkevich]

Born in 1782, in the clergy rank since 1806,

Life Guards in the Horse Regiment since 1837

Depicted with a pectoral cross-crucifix, an award pectoral cross in memory of the War of 1812 on the Vladimir ribbon (established on August 30, 1814; issued in 1818-1829 to priests who were in the priesthood before January 1, 1813) and the Order of St. Anna. A.V. Lyashkevich was also awarded special priestly awards - skufia and kamilavka.

Father Alexy entered the Horse Guards on April 10, 1837 from the Life Cuirassier Regiment of His Imperial Highness the Heir to the Tsarevich and served in it for almost a quarter of a century. On November 5, 1861, the old regimental chaplain was transferred to the church of the former Court Hospital; he died April 26, 1867, aged eighty-five years.

Group portraits of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment

Artist K.K. Piratsky:

Emperor Nicholas I among the horse guards at the regiment's location. 1847

The watercolor depicts a cavalcade leaving for Senate Square from Konnogvardeisky Boulevard, laid along the arena and barracks of the Leningrad Guards. The cavalry regiment that gave it its name. Emperor Nicholas is depicted in the center of the composition. To his left is the heir Alexander Nikolaevich, saluting his father. They are followed by the regiment commander, Major General P.P. Lanskoy and Colonel N.P. Khrushchov; in the background are Lieutenant P.A. Durnovo and the aide-de-camp, Captain I.V. Annenkov. The cavalcade, closing with a gallant orderly - holder of the Insignia of the Order of St. Anna, drives past a group of conversing horse guards, among whom are depicted the aide-de-camp, captain gr. G.Ts.Kreuts (in profile, left) and Lieutenant P.P.Albedinsky (on horseback).

The watercolor by K.K. Piratsky was undoubtedly intended not only to perpetuate the images of Horse Guards officers, but also to demonstrate variations of their ceremonial and festive uniforms. The Emperor, Colonel Khrushchev and Lieutenant Albedinsky are depicted in full dress uniform - in gilded cuirasses over tunics and with voluminous gilded double-headed eagles on brass helmets, introduced on February 2, 1846. Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, Lanskoy, Durnovo and Annenkov are dressed in red uniforms and used with them are leather helmets with hair plumes. In a group with gr. Kreitz (he is wearing a tunic without a cuirass) and Albinsky - two officers, one of whom is wearing a red uniform shown from the back, and the second is wearing a red cloth supervest, introduced in 1841 for officers and lower ranks of the Cavalry and Horse Regiments, who dressed up in internal guards of imperial palaces on special days, during the highest exits.

Lower ranks of the Horse Guards with standard and timpani

In the foreground are depicted a non-commissioned officer with a standard and a timpani player, in a special embroidered uniform with fringed epaulettes, which were assigned to the cuirassiers only to the timpani player and the staff trumpeter.

In 1846, the Horse Guard walked under the standards granted to it during the reign of Emperor AlexanderI. After the Battle of Austerlitz, in which the Horse Guards took away the battalion banner from the 4th line regiment of the French army, the sovereign granted the Life Guards. The cavalry regiment has standards “with the symbol of the feat on them.” With these standards, the Horse Guards reached Paris. However, back in Dresden in April 1813, AlexanderIannounced the awarding of the L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment, along with other regiments of the Guards cavalry, received new - St. George's Standards. As fate would have it, this intention of the emperor came true much later. Three St. George Standards (one for each division, consisting of two squadrons) were granted to the Horse Guards only in 1817: on March 12, a ceremony of nailing the Standards to the poles took place in the St. George Hall of the Winter Palace; the next day, March 13, the third anniversary of the Battle of Fer-Champenoise, the standards were solemnly consecrated. Upon his accession to the throne, Emperor NicholasIconfirmed the rights of the Horse Guards to these standards, and in 1838 granted them a new distinction: the panels of the standards were decorated with order ribbons, and the shafts with brackets with memorial inscriptions.

Timpani were granted by CharlesXIIto his Life Regiment, who distinguished himself in the battle with the combined Polish-Saxon forces led by AugustusIInear Klishovo in 1702. However, in the Battle of Poltava they were taken as trophies by the Kyiv Dragoon Regiment. Nevertheless, Peter the Great awarded these captured kettledrums to “Field Marshal His Serene Highness Prince A.D. Menshikov General or Life-Shkvadron.” In 1721, the successor of the Life Shkvadron was the Kronshlot Dragoon Regiment, renamed in 1725 the Life Regiment. The latter, in turn, in 1730 was transformed by Anna Ioannovna into the Horse Guard, which inherited the kettledrums from its predecessors. However, their history was already forgotten, and they were handed over to the regimental arsenal, from where they were transferred for storage to the court Transfiguration Church in Strelna. There Emperor Nicholas turned his attention to themI, by whose order on July 4, 1827, the ancient kettledrums were returned to the regiment, replacing the kettledrums granted to the regiment by Anna Ioannovna in 1731. By this time, their history had already become the stuff of legend, and the Horse Guards believed that in the Battle of Poltava their legendary kettledrums had been recaptured among the Swedes, Leib-Shkvadron is the great-grandfather of the Horse Guards 30 .

The standards and kettledrums of the Horse Guards were kept in the Winter Palace when the regiment was stationed in St. Petersburg, and in the Great Peterhof Palace when the regiment was in Strelna.

Officers of the Horse Guards in Peterhof

The place of summer deployment of the Horse Guards was Strelna, adjacent to Peterhof, and the Leningrad Guards. The cavalry regiment formed the Peterhof garrison. Since 1802, during the “highest presence” of the imperial family, the Horse Guards constantly occupied guard posts in Peterhof, along with other cavalry regiments stationed there. When these regiments went to the Krasnoselsky camp, the horse guards performed guard duty alternately with the cavalry guards, who specially arrived for this purpose in Peterhof. The order was observed in such a way that every year on the birthday of their boss, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, the Horse Guards took over the guard (June 25), and on the birthday of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the guard was dressed up from the Cavalry Guard Regiment sponsored by her (July 1). K.K. Piratsky depicted horse guards officers at the Church building of the Great Peterhof Palace - at the court church in the name of Peter and Paul. In the foreground are two former commanders of the Horse Guards, who received the honorary right to continue to be listed in the regiment - gr. A.F. Orlov and bar. E.F. Meyendorff; next to them is the young Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Colonel S.N. Reichel and the aide-de-camp, captain I.V. Annenkov, are approaching them from the right behind. In the background from the left are three chief officers on horseback: an unknown man (with his back turned to the viewer), captain F.I. Ilyin and staff captain gr. I.G. Nostits; Colonel K.P. Klokachev approached them. In the background on the right are three foot and two mounted chief officers; Only two of them, facing the viewer, are portrait images - captains A.P. Khrushchov (a horseman in an overcoat) and P.P. Chicherin (leaning on a broadsword).

Horse Guards officers are depicted in city and marching uniforms. Reichel, Chicherin and an unnamed foot horse guard (far right) are in tunics, but in helmets without plumes. Orlov, Meyendorff and Grand Duke Konstantin are dressed in dark green uniforms, and Klokachev, Ilyin and two nameless horsemen (far left and right) are in frock coats. In this case, the cuirass could be worn over a tunic, as on Klokachev, or over a dark green uniform, as on Ilyin and Annenkov. With the exception of gr. Orlov, holding a hat with a lush plume in his hand (hats from January 27, 1845 were left only to generals), and an unnamed chief officer in a cap; all the characters in the watercolor wear leather helmets with “grenades” screwed to them - decorations in the form of a flaming grenade , to which a white hair plume was attached. Grenada was worn on a helmet in marching uniforms, and Grenada with a white plume in “city uniforms.” In addition to bladed weapons, Horse Guards officers had saddle pistols, and therefore they carried lyadunki - small cartridge bags - in the ranks on a sling over their left shoulder. The combination of details of a military costume (sultans, scarves, frogs, etc.) with weapons (broadswords or swords) was regulated by complex rules. Thus, from June 2, 1830, officers of the Horse and Cavalry Guard regiments were ordered to “wear broadswords with red uniforms and scarves, and swords without scarves; wear broadswords with uniforms and scarves, when on duty you should wear helmets and with capes, and in others cases, at least with scarves, use only swords.”

Lower ranks of the Horse Guards in summer quarters

L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment left for Strelna every year at the beginning of spring, and occupied not only the manor itself, but also the surrounding villages. The Horse Guards remained there until the fall, leaving Strelna only for the period of the general gathering of troops in the Krasnoselsky camp.

In Krasnoe Selo, the regiment was located in the settlements of Pavlovskaya and Bartashinskaya. Here he regularly participated in regimental, brigade and divisional equestrian exercises. From Krasnoye Selo the Horse Guards returned to Strelna, where the lower ranks were given a four-week rest.

In the foreground, K.K. Piratsky depicted two horsemen. The one closest to the viewer, prancing on a black horse, is armed with a broadsword and a pike with a tricolor yellow-white-dark blue weather vane assigned to the Horse Guards - such pikes were armed with the front ranks of its squadrons. Next to him, on a dappled gray horse, rides a trumpeter. Behind him is one of the 22 award trumpets granted to the regiment on August 30, 1814 by Emperor AlexanderI. The inside of their bells was decorated with crosses of the Military Order of St. George and a circular inscription: “Fer-Champenoise”.

The Horse Guard staff, approved on August 20, 1840, provided for the positions of the 1st headquarters trumpeter, 20 trumpeters of the 1st timpanist, 25 musicians and 18 of their students. Unlike the rest of the Horse Guards, the trumpeters, timpani player and musicians rode gray horses rather than black ones. The tunics of the timpani player and trumpeters were embroidered with yellow braid. In addition, the staff trumpeter and timpani player were assigned epaulettes with fringes, while the rest of the lower ranks wore shoulder straps. The uniform of the lower ranks of the Horse Guards, recorded by K.K. Piratsky, consists of a tunic, dark green work jackets, overcoats and gray leggings 31 , hemmed with black leather lei. On a non-commissioned officer and two privates riding around a horse, we find caps with squadron numbers on the bands: they were worn out of formation.

In addition to pikes and broadswords, the lower ranks of the Horse Guards were armed with pistols - they were assigned at that time to sergeants, non-commissioned officers and trumpeters; the rest were armed with rifles (there were 16 of them per squadron) and smooth-bore carbines.

Non-combatant ranks of the Horse Guards

In the watercolor by K.K. Piratsky, on the left are horse riding instructor A.N. Ottisen and veterinary assistant D.M. Smal-Poddubny checking the forging of a combat horse. This horse looks gigantic. The largest and most expensive horses were purchased for the cavalry guards and horse guards: to replenish their constant loss, the Horse Guards, since 1843, were annually allocated a “repair amount” for 96 horses, 675 rubles each. notes for each. For L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment bought black horses no older than 7 years and no less than 2 arshins 3 vershoks in height (156 cm).

In the center are depicted the staff doctor (regimental chief of the medical unit) F.Ya. Karell - he is wearing a hat without a plume - and ml. Dr. G.F. Karlberg (in cap). During the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, doctors of the Horse Guards had to worry not so much about healing the battle wounds of their comrades, but about preventing diseases. By the end of the Polish campaign of 1831, the Horse Guards were missing fifty-three lower ranks, although its role in this war was reduced to maneuvering, and it remained uninvolved in bloodshed... Dr. Carell joined the Horse Guards the following year and managed to put the medical service at an exemplary level.

K.K. Piratsky captured Philip Yakovlevich talking with quartermaster L.F. Zabek, the officer responsible for housing the regiment and supplying it with food. Combatant L.-Guards. The cavalry regiment was entitled to two meat portions per week, amounting to 1 pound (400 g) of meat (of course, with the exception of the Great, Uspensky and Rozhdestven fasts); during camp time, another half a pound and 3 glasses of wine were added. The diet of the Horse Guards was noticeably brightened up by the vegetables that they themselves grew in the gardens “near the large garden in Strelna, on the lower road” - these gardens were given to them back in 1817 by their former boss, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. The content of the lower ranks of the Horse Guards could be envied not only by their army, but also by their guards brothers: unlike others, from December 25, 1825, horse guard soldiers, like cavalry guards, were paid so-called senior salaries - special increases in salary. In addition, for weddings and christenings, privates were traditionally given 25, and sergeants - 100 rubles; daughters of lower ranks were provided with a dowry.

Despite the numerous advantages that the lower ranks of the Horse Guards had over the army cavalrymen, service was not a blessing for them either. As in other regiments, the staff of the Horse Guards included the position of an auditor - a military court official, a clerk. Auditor L.-Gv. The cavalry regiment M.K. Moskalev is depicted behind L.F. Zabek, on the right.

Notes

1 The name “Horse Guards” was assigned to the Leningrad Guards. A horse regiment since the time when this regiment was the only guards cavalry regiment, and was subsequently used as a proper name.

2 Annenkov I.V. History of the Leningrad Guards Horse regiment. 1731-1848. St. Petersburg, 1849. Part 1. pp. 326-332. Further information gleaned from this detailed publication is not specified.

3 The Manege, built simultaneously with the Mikhailovsky Castle, was rebuilt by K.I. Rossi in 1823-1824. Now this building has been converted into the Winter Stadium.

5 I express my sincere gratitude to T.A. Komarova and all her colleagues from the IRLI Museum for their kind assistance in working on this publication.

6 Subsequently, he received the title of academician (1849) and was a court portrait painter under Emperors Alexander II and Alexander III.

7 In 1855, K.K. Piratsky headed the drawing department of the Editorial Board of Military Chronicles in the department of the War Ministry; in the same year he was awarded the title of academician, and in 1869 - professor of the Academy of Arts.

8 History of the Leningrad Guards. The cavalry regiment has already been covered in “Our Heritage” by Boris Kipnis (“His title is Life Regiment...” / Our Heritage. 1996, No. 37. pp. 109-117), so we limit ourselves here to the briefest outline of it.

9 Manuilov V.A., Nazarova L.N. Lermontov in St. Petersburg. L., 1984. S. 104-105; Kazakova N.A., Faibisovich V.M. Uniform and fate. / Hero and environment. Interuniversity collection of scientific articles. Syktyvkar, 1989. P. 67.

10 In the portrait by V.I. Gau, Pyotr Vasilyevich Eremeev (b. 1807) is depicted in the uniform of an ensign of the disabled guards, with the medal “For the Capture of Warsaw” and with the insignia of the Polish order “Virtuti militari”. Judging by the fact that in his mature age P.V. Eremeev holds the first officer rank (the average age of Horse Guards cornets ranged from 18 to 21 years), he undoubtedly rose from the lower ranks, like the head of his “quarter company” - the famous Staff captain I.F. Omelchenko, who captured the French banner at Austerlitz (his portrait is not in the album). Note that in the Address Calendar for 1846 P.V. Eremeev is listed as an ensign, but in the signature under the portrait he is called a lieutenant.

11 Belyaev M.D. Natalya Nikolaevna Pushkina in portraits and reviews of contemporaries. St. Petersburg: Bibliopolis, 1993. P. 65

12 RGIA. F. 472. Op. 17 (939/102). D. No. 3. L. 4.

13 RGIA. F. 472. Op. 17 (939/102). D. No. 3. L. 1, 2.

14 RGIA. F. 472. Op. 17 (939/102). D. No. 3. L. 4 vol.

15 Laufert’s workshop (Magazin) was located in St. Petersburg, on Bolshaya Morskaya, in house No. 28, the former Petz.

16,2784 rubles were owed to V. Gau not for all 78 portraits executed by him by the end of 1849, as M.D. Belyaev believed, but only for 48 painted during the time that elapsed from the date of payment for the first 30 watercolors. His total fee for 86 sheets was to be 4,988 silver rubles.

On November 17, the highest order was to pay these bills from Cabinet funds. Notifications were sent to the artists on November 19. - RGIA. F. 472. Op. 17 (939/102). D. No. 3. L. 8, 9.

18 Speaking about the 78 portraits mentioned by V. Gau in his report to Volkonsky, M. D. Belyaev is mistaken when he claims that “the rest, as can be seen from the signatures under them, were painted back in 1846 and were only included in the album.” Let us remember that three portraits are dated 1846 and six - 1847. Obviously, these nine watercolors were among the thirty paid for in the first place.

19 RGIA. F. 472. Op. 17 (939/102). D. No. 3. L. 11. K.K. Piratsky’s fee for seven watercolors ultimately amounted to 1,750 rubles in silver - 250 rubles for each “picture”.

20 King Frederick William III appointed Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich Chief of the Brandenburg Cuirassier Regiment during his visit to Berlin April 3-22, 1817.

21 This cross is kept in the State Hermitage. I consider it my duty to express my gratitude to M.A. Dobrovolskaya (GE), to whom I owe information about the Prussian Insignia for twenty-five years of service in the officer ranks

22 Sollogub V.A. Stories. Memories. L., 1988. P. 363.

23 Ibid. P. 440.

24 Veresaev V.V. Pushkin in life. / Op. in 4 vols. M., 1990. T. 3. P. 309.

25 Gavrilova E.I. About the forgotten portrait of N.N. Pushkina. // Our heritage. 1999, no. 50-51. P.163

26 New world. 1963, No. 2. P. 226.

27 Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. / Comp. edited by S.A. Panchulidzeva. T. IV. St. Petersburg, 1908. P. 334.

28 M.D. Belyaev noted that the choice of N.N. Lanskaya’s toilet was “strictly considered: white and red are the colors of the cavalry guard uniform” ( Belyaev M.D. Uk. op. P. 66). It is difficult to disagree with this if we correct the erroneously named cavalry guard uniform for Horse Guards and add to the colors designated by M.D. Belyaev, regimental blue (neck ribbon and sapphire clasp) and a gold “metal device” (gold embroidered pattern on the neck ribbon).

29 Freiman O.R. Pages for 185 years. Friedrichsgamn, 1895. P. 329

30 Nikitin A.L. Poltava regalia // Eagle. 1992, no. 1. pp. 15-17

31 The designation of the color of the cloth from which the leggings were made is very arbitrary: this color was bluish-gray, and in his watercolors K.K. Piratsky shows it as openly blue.

The Royal Horse Guards are considered a separate branch of the military and consist of two regiments: the Life Guards Horse and the Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons). These are the most senior regiments in the British Army, their tradition dates back to 1660, in addition, they are the Queen's personal bodyguards. These regiments are divided into the Armed Regiment, based at Combermere Barracks, Windsor, and the Ceremonial Mounted Regiment, based at Knightsbridge Barracks, London. Both regiments spend a lot of time in front of Combermere Barracks, where training takes place, especially horsemanship training. In recent months, the guard has been actively preparing for a big event - the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton.

(Total 38 photos)

1. Members of the Royal Horse Guards at the dress rehearsal of the parade in Hyde Park in London on April 14. The rehearsal took place in front of the guard base, with special attention paid to horse riding. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

2. The guards are preparing for the royal wedding. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

3. Rehearsal in Hyde Park. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

4. The Royal Cavalry at the dress rehearsal of the royal wedding ceremony in Hyde Park. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

5. Royal Horse Guards. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

6. Horse Guards stand guard only during the day and only at the light neoclassical building of their barracks on London's Whitehall Street. (REUTERS/Sergeant Dan Harmer RLC/MoD/Crown Copyright/handout)

7. Their service is rather symbolic in nature. The only weapon is a saber. They are changed every hour: the horse cannot stand still for more than an hour. (REUTERS/Sergeant Dan Harmer RLC/MoD/Crown Copyright/handout)

8. In Great Britain there is no compulsory military service, and all military personnel, including guardsmen, are contract soldiers. (REUTERS/Sergeant Dan Harmer RLC/MoD/Crown Copyright/handout)

9. In the first year of service, an ordinary guardsman receives 750 pounds per month (about a thousand dollars). A shot that any wedding photographer will capture. (REUTERS/Sergeant Dan Harmer RLC/MoD/Crown Copyright/handout)

10. Trumpeter of the Royal Horse Guards during a press conference in Hyde Park on April 15 in London. Members of the Royal Horse Guards will accompany Prince William and Kate Middleton on their wedding day on April 29. Wedding cakes will also be carried out to the tunes of trumpeters. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

11. Horse Guardsman working on a horseshoe at a press conference in Hyde Park. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

12. The Horse Guardsman changes his clothes. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

13. A guard trims his horse's hooves after a rehearsal. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

14. Horse guards clean their uniforms. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

15. The process of preparing for a significant event includes the ability to polish the helmet and other components of the uniform to a shine. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

16. You also need to monitor the condition of horse bridles. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

17. Selection for a cavalry regiment is very strict, but people of other nationalities are often accepted there - representatives of India, Pakistan, and Africa. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

18. A representative of the Royal Horse Guards works with a horseshoe. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

19. Time to feed the horses. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

20. The guard cleans his horse. (REUTERS/John Stillwell/POOL)

21. Cleaning the stables. (REUTERS/John Stillwell)

22. Preparation for rehearsal. (REUTERS/John Stillwell)

23. The Life Guards are the oldest unit of the British Army, formed in 1660 during the Restoration. (REUTERS/John Stillwell)

24. The King's Horse Guards were first raised by Cromwell before the second invasion of Scotland, but in 1660 all pro-Parliamentary officers were replaced by royalists. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

25. Guardsman with a saddle in the barracks in Hyde Park in London. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

26. Royal Horse Guards in the arena of the riding school in Hyde Park. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

27. The Horse Guardsman is preparing to mount his horse. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

28. The Horse Guardsman is preparing to mount his horse. (REUTERS/Stefan Wermuth)

29. A guardsman on horseback during a review of troops at the dress rehearsal for the wedding ceremony of Prince William and