The first trip around the world by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. Krusenstern and Lisyansky - The first Russian trip around the world. Moluccas. Return to Spain

Respectively. Sailing became an important milestone in the history of Russia, in the development of its fleet, it made a significant contribution to the study of the world ocean, many branches of the natural and human sciences.

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From Kronstadt to Japan

The first half of the voyage was marked by the eccentric behavior of Tolstoy the American (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and conflicts between Krusenstern and N.P. Rezanov, who was officially considered the head of the expedition [ ] .

Rezanov and Krusenstern had to share one cabin (6 m²), and the relationship between them deteriorated to such an extent that they communicated exclusively through notes. One of the reasons for Kruzenshtern’s dissatisfaction was that the retinue entrusted to the ambassador with its presence constrained the crew on what was essentially a small ship (the length of the Nadezhda was only 35 meters). After arriving in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Rezanov finally left the cabin and filed a complaint against the rebellious crew with the local governor. In his notes, Rezanov writes that Kruzenshtern brought him an official apology for insubordination on board, while Kruzenshtern, in a letter to the head of the Academy of Sciences N.N. Novosiltsev, presents the exact opposite picture: a public apology was made by Rezanov to Kruzenshtern.

Having taken a guard of honor (2 officers, a drummer, 5 soldiers) for the ambassador from the ruler of the Kamchatka region P.I. Koshelev, “Nadezhda” headed south, arriving at the Japanese port of Dejima near the city of Nagasaki on September 26, 1804. The Japanese forbade entry into the harbor, and Kruzenshtern dropped anchor in the bay. The embassy lasted six months, after which everyone returned back to Petropavlovsk. Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna, II degree, and Rezanov, as having completed the diplomatic mission entrusted to him, was released from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition.

From Japan to Kronstadt

"Neva" and "Nadezhda" returned to St. Petersburg on different routes. In 1805, their paths crossed in the port of Macau in southern China. After entering Hawaii, the Neva assisted the Russian-American company led by A. A. Baranov in recapturing the Mikhailovsky Fortress from the natives. After an inventory of the surrounding islands and other explorations, the Neva carried goods to Canton, but on October 3 it ran aground in the middle of the ocean. Lisyansky ordered the rostras and carronades to be thrown into the water, but then a squall landed the ship on a reef. To continue sailing, the team had to throw even such necessary items as anchors into the sea. The item was subsequently picked up. On the way to China, the Lisyansky coral island was discovered. "Neva" returned to Kronstadt before "Nadezhda" (July 22).

Leaving the shores of Japan, “Nadezhda” went north along the Sea of ​​Japan, almost completely unknown to Europeans. On the way, Kruzenshtern determined the position of a number of islands. He passed the La Perouse Strait between Iesso and Sakhalin, described Aniva Bay, located on the southern side of Sakhalin, the eastern coast and Terpeniya Bay, which he left on May 13. The huge amount of ice he encountered the next day at 48° latitude prevented him from continuing his voyage to the north, and he descended to the Kuril Islands. Here, on May 18, he discovered 4 stone islands, which he called “Stone Traps”; near them he encountered such a strong current that, with a fresh wind and a speed of eight knots, the Nadezhda ship not only did not move forward, but was carried onto an underwater reef.

Having barely avoided trouble here, on May 20 Kruzenshtern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores; on June 29, he passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. On July 3, he arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53° 30" and in this place on August 1 found fresh water, from which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but due to the rapidly decreasing depth, go I didn’t dare go ahead.

The next day he anchored in a bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4 he went back to Kamchatka, where repairs to the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving Avachinskaya Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and arrived in Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was completely ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also went. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition completed its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.

Kruzenshtern's journey constituted an era in the history of the Russian fleet, enriching geography and natural sciences with much information about countries that were little known. From this time on, a continuous series of Russian trips around the world began; The management of Kamchatka has changed for the better in many ways. Of the officers who were with Kruzenshtern, many later served with honor in the Russian fleet, and cadet Otto Kotzebue himself was later the commander of a ship that went on a trip around the world. Thaddeus Bellingshausen will lead a round-the-world expedition on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” and will approach the shores of Antarctica for the first time.

Memory

• In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins.
• In 2006, the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world was celebrated. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to re-publish descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern’s “Atlas of the South Sea”, for the first time publish in translation into Russian the work of Gregory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, the unpublished diary 1795-1816 of Lieutenant Ermolai Levenstern, not published or forgotten diaries and letters of Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.
• In December 2013, the Rossiya-1 TV channel released a 4-part documentary series “Neva” and “Nadezhda”. The first Russian voyage around the world,” project author Mikhail Kozhukhov.
• Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Krusenstern and Lisyansky. In particular, he talks in detail about the expedition

28.02.2017

When Russia went to sea, acquired its own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - all it had to do was move forward. It was hard to believe that just recently the Russian fleet, created by the will of Peter I, did not exist at all. And now the thought arises of a trip around the world, which would be made under the Russian naval flag.

Predecessors

Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N.P. Rezanov, “May the fate of Russia be covered with sails!” A lot of people would have signed up - commanders, ordinary sailors, and those who, without going to sea themselves, did everything possible to carry out such expeditions. The great Transformer himself dreamed of long sea voyages; Peter’s plans included a trip to the West Indies, crossing the equator and establishing trade relations with the “Great Moguls.”

These plans were not destined to come true. Nevertheless, in 1725–1726, the Russian oceanic expedition to Spain took place under the command of Captain I. Koshelev, who later proposed the idea of ​​a round-the-world voyage from St. Petersburg.

In 1776, Catherine II signed a decree sending ships from the Baltic Sea on the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The campaign was to be led by the young captain G.I. Mulovsky, an experienced and skillful sailor. The expedition had to solve several problems at once: deliver serf weapons to the Peter and Paul Harbor, establish trade relations with Japan, transport livestock and seed grain, as well as other necessary goods to settlers in Russian America, and in addition, discover new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.

Preparations for a large-scale expedition were in full swing; cast iron coats of arms and medals with images of Catherine were already cast at the factories, which were to be installed in the newly discovered territories. But the Russian-Turkish War began, and all supplies were ordered to be distributed to ships heading to the Mediterranean Sea. Mulovsky himself died in a naval battle. During the reign of Catherine, the Russian circumnavigation of the world never materialized, but the idea had already firmly captured the minds.

The first Russian round-the-world expedition

Sometimes life turns out so strangely that in any book such a plot would look like a stretch. On the ship "Mstislav" there was a very young midshipman, yesterday's midshipman. Ivan Kruzenshtern was only 17 years old when he entered the command of Captain Mulovsky. It is difficult to say whether they were talking about the failed expedition, but it was Krusenstern who had to do what fate had denied his brave predecessor.

I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his colleague in the Naval Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, as young sailors who showed significant success, were sent for an internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern became extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and upon returning to Russia, he expressed his opinion in detail, with figures and calculations, that organizing maritime communication between the Russian colonies and China was an extremely profitable and useful matter for Russia. Of course, the young lieutenant’s opinion was ignored - the proposal was too bold. But suddenly Krusenstern was supported by prominent and authoritative nobles - State Chancellor Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American Company (RAC) made a similar proposal - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was decided.

The generous sponsorship of the RAC made it possible not to wait until ships were built that could withstand the hardships of the journey. Two suitable vessels were purchased in England, improved, and named “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. The RAC was a sufficiently influential and wealthy organization that the expedition was supplied with the best of everything in record time.

Only volunteers were recruited for the long and dangerous journey - nevertheless, there were so many of them that it would have been enough to complete three expeditions. The team included scientists, artists (to sketch landscapes, plants and animals unknown to science), and an astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, take furs from them, sell or exchange goods in Chinese ports, and prove the benefits of the sea route to Russian America compared to the land route through Siberia. And besides, to deliver an embassy to the shores of Japan under the leadership of Chamberlain N.P. Rezanov.

Despite the “trading” nature of the expedition, the ships sailed under the naval flag. Chamberlain Rezanov was far from the last person in the RAC; after all, he was the son-in-law of the head and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, the heir to the capital of the “Russian Columbus”. It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern for the maritime one. In August 1803, the Neva and Nadezhda sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, the ships, as agreed, dispersed. The Neva, under the leadership of Lisyansky, sailed north to the islands of Kodiak and Sitka in the Gulf of Alaska, with a cargo of goods for the RAC, to rendezvous with the Nadezhda in Macau in September 1805. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka - and then to Japan to carry out Rezanov's diplomatic mission. On the way, Nadezhda encountered a severe storm - and, as it later turned out, into a tsunami zone.

Alas, the mission was a failure - after almost six months of waiting in Nagasaki, the Russians were refused. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts (huge mirrors in frames), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to immediately leave Japan, however, he supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. The captains met in Macau, profitably exchanged furs for tea, porcelain and other goods rare and marketable in Europe, and set off for Russia. After the storm, having lost sight of each other, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” safely returned to Russia, first “Neva”, then, a couple of weeks later, “Nadezhda”.

The voyage was not as serene as we would have liked. Problems began almost immediately after departure. Chamberlain Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the caveat that all decisions should be made jointly with Captain Krusenstern.

In order to accommodate Rezanov’s retinue on the relatively small Nadezhda, they had to refuse a number of people who were really needed for the voyage. In addition, Rezanov’s retinue included, for example, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, later nicknamed the American, a completely uncontrollable person, a cruel manipulator and intriguer. He managed to quarrel with the entire team, more than once annoyed Krusenstern personally with his antics - and in the end he was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.

N. P. Rezanov

On a warship, according to the charter, there could only be one leader, whose orders were carried out unquestioningly. Rezanov, as a non-military person, did not accept discipline at all, and gradually the relationship between him and Kruzenshtern became tense to the limit. Forced to share one tiny cabin for a couple of years, Rezanov and Kruzenshtern communicated through notes.

Rezanov tried to force Kruzenshtern to change the route of the expedition in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting the trip around the world. Finally, Rezanov allowed himself to be rude towards the captain in the presence of the team - and this, from the point of view of the regulations, was completely unforgivable. After a loud scandal, making sure that there was no one on his side, the offended Rezanov practically did not leave the cabin until the Nadezhda reached Petropavlovsk.

Fortunately, the experienced and cold-blooded commandant P. Koshelev sorted out the matter, regardless of faces, trying to ensure that a quarrel between two private individuals could not interfere with the fulfillment of public duty. Krusenstern completely agreed with this, and Rezanov had to back down. At the end of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left Nadezhda - and he and Kruzenshtern did not meet again, to mutual satisfaction.

The further story of N.P. Rezanov, who went to California and met there the 14-year-old beauty Maria Conception Arguello, daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, is known as one of the most romantic pages not only in Russian, but also, probably, in world history. The famous rock opera “Juno and Avos” tells exactly about their tragic love, but this is a different, albeit very interesting, story.

Kotzebue Travels

Among the volunteers who went with Krusenstern on the Nadezhda was a 15-year-old cabin boy, German Otto Kotzebue. The boy’s stepmother was the captain-lieutenant’s sister, Kristina Krusenstern. When the Nadezhda returned to port, Kotzebue was promoted to midshipman, and a year later to lieutenant, and although he was not a graduate of the naval school, Otto Evstafievich received the best of naval schools - the school of circumnavigation, and since then he has not thought of life without the sea and serving the Fatherland.

Brig "Rurik" on the stamp of the Marshall Islands

At the end of the circumnavigation of the world, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared reports, issued and commented on maps and the Atlas of the Southern Seas, and in particular, together with Count Rumyantsev, developed a new circumnavigation expedition. She was given the task of finding the Northeast Sea Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to set off on the brig “Rurik”. The command of the brig, on the recommendation of Krusenstern, was offered to Kotzebue.

This expedition returned 3 years later, having lost only one person and enriched the geography with a mass of discoveries. Little-studied or completely unknown islands, archipelagos and coasts of the Pacific Ocean were mapped and described in detail. Meteorological observations, studies of sea currents, ocean depth, temperature, salinity and transparency of water, terrestrial magnetism and various living organisms were an invaluable contribution to science - and had considerable practical benefits.

By the way, the German scientist and romantic poet A. von Chamisso, a translator of Pushkin into German, took part in the voyage on the Rurik as a natural scientist. His novel “A Journey Around the World” became a classic of adventure literature in Germany, and it was also published in Russia.

O. E. Kotzebue made his third trip around the world in 1823–1826. Before that, for a year he guarded the shores of Russian America from pirates and smugglers with his 24-gun sloop “Enterprise”. The scientific results of the expedition on the "Enterprise" were perhaps more significant than the results of the voyage on the "Rurik". The physicist E. Lenz, a future academician who went with Kotzebue, constructed, together with his colleague, Professor Parrott, an instrument called a bathometer for taking water samples from various depths, and an instrument for measuring depths. Lenz studied the vertical distribution of salinity, scrupulously noted the temperature of Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature at different latitudes.

By the 20s of the 19th century, traveling around the world ceased to be something unimaginable and out of the ordinary. A whole series of glorious Russian captains circled the globe, leaving Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.

Vasily Golovnin - unstoppable and undaunted

Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, a captain and an excellent marine painter, was considered a seasoned man even among his fellow captains. He had more than enough adventures. At the age of fourteen, as a midshipman, he took part in naval battles - and was awarded a medal, and then returned to finish his studies, since he was still too young to become an officer.

He made his first independent voyage around the world when he was just a lieutenant. The Admiralty changed its own rules and transferred the sloop “Diana” to the command of a lieutenant, because everyone understood what kind of person Lieutenant Golovnin was. And indeed, their expectations were justified - an excellent captain, Golovnin fully possessed calmness, courage, and unbending character. When, due to the outbreak of war, Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, Golovnin managed to escape captivity and still completed the mission assigned to the expedition. Voyage around the world on the sloop "Diana" in 1808–1809. completed successfully.

The “gentleman’s” captivity by the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the imprisonment during the second voyage turned out to be no joke. This time Golovnin and a number of his comrades ended up in a real prison - among the Japanese. Those who did not like the fact that the Russian ship was conducting a cartographic survey of the Kuril Islands - in 1811 Golovnin was instructed to describe the Kuril and Shantar Islands and the shore of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that daring cartographers violated the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, then the criminals belong in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan teetered on a dangerous brink - war between them was quite possible.

Japanese scroll depicting the capture of Golovnin

Titanic efforts were made to save Golovnin and his people. But only thanks to the actions of Golovnin’s friend, officer P.I. Ricord and the help of the influential Japanese merchant Mr. Takataya Kahei, with whom Ricord was able to establish purely human contact, it was possible to accomplish the almost incredible - to return the Russian sailors from Japanese prison. On the territory of the Nalychevo Natural Park in Kamchatka there are the so-called “peaks of Russian-Japanese friendship” - Kaheya Rock, Mount Rikord and Mount Golovnina. Nowadays, the “Golovnin incident” is one of the textbook cases in the history of world diplomacy.

Golovnin's notes about his adventures were translated into many languages, and became a bestseller in Russia. Returning home, Vasily Golovnin continued to work tirelessly for the benefit of Russian navigation; his knowledge, experience, and energy were invaluable, and Golovnin’s books about distant travels were read by many young men who later chose a career as a naval officer.

Baron Wrangel - Chief of Alaska

In 1816, midshipman Ferdinand Wrangel, who served in Reval, submitted a request to participate in Captain Golovnin’s expedition on the Kamchatka sloop. The young man was refused. Then he, telling his superiors that he was sick, reached St. Petersburg and practically fell at Golovnin’s feet, asking to take him with him. He sternly noted that unauthorized flight from the ship is desertion and worthy of trial. The midshipman agreed, but asked to be put on trial after the voyage, during which he was ready to become at least a simple sailor. Golovnin waved his hand and gave up.

This was the first trip around the world by Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, in whose honor the now famous nature reserve - Wrangel Island - was later named. On board the Kamchatka, the desperate young man not only went through maritime school, but also diligently filled in the gaps in his education, and also found true friends - future researchers and tireless travelers Fyodor Litke and yesterday's lyceum student, Pushkin's friend Fyodor Matyushkin.

The trip on the Kamchatka turned out to be an invaluable source of personnel for the Russian fleet. Wrangel returned from his voyage an excellent sailor and a learned researcher. It was Wrangel and Matyushkin who were ordered to go on an expedition to explore the northeastern coast of Siberia.

Map showing Wrangel's travel routes

Few people devoted as much effort and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored North-Eastern Siberia from sea and from land, sailed around the world, commanding the military transport "Krotkiy", was awarded orders, and in 1829 was appointed chief administrator of Russian America, and, by the way, built a magnetic meteorological observatory in Alaska . Under his leadership, Russian America flourished and new settlements were created. The island is named after him, his works for the benefit of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet has rapidly flourished and developed - there are so many enthusiasts, truly devoted to their work, in its ranks.

Unknown land

“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it could be discovered, would only be near the pole, in places inaccessible for navigation... The risk associated with sailing in these unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern continent, so great that I can safely say that no person will ever dare to penetrate further south than I did.”, - these words of James Cook, the navigation star of the 18th century, closed Antarctic exploration for almost 50 years. There were simply no people willing to finance projects that were obviously doomed to failure, and, if successful, would still be commercial failures.

It was the Russians who went against common sense and everyday logic. Krusenstern, Kotzebue and polar explorer G. Sarychev developed the expedition and presented it to Emperor Alexander. He unexpectedly agreed.

The main task of the expedition was defined as purely scientific: "discoveries in the possible vicinity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe”. The expedition was charged with the duties and instructions to note and study everything that deserves attention, “not only related to maritime art, but also generally serving to disseminate human knowledge in all parts”.

V. Volkov. Discovery of Antarctica by the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”, 2008.

In the summer of the same year, the sloop Mirny and the transport converted into a sloop, Vostok, set out towards the South Pole. They were led by two captains who were considered one of the best in the Russian fleet - the expedition commander Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, a participant in the round-the-world trip of Krusenstern and Lisyansky, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, a young but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev would make three trips around the world, but these exploits would not overshadow his fame as a polar explorer.

The voyage lasted 751 days, of which 535 days were in the Southern Hemisphere, with 100 days in ice. The sailors went beyond the Antarctic Circle six times. No one has approached the mysterious Antarctica so close and for so long. In February 1820 Bellingshausen wrote: “Here, behind the ice fields of shallow ice and islands, a continent of ice is visible, the edges of which are broken off perpendicularly, and which continued as we saw, rising to the south, like a shore. The flat ice islands located near this continent clearly show that they are fragments of this continent, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the mainland.”. For the first time in human history, people saw Antarctica. And these people were ours, Russian sailors.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788-1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes; sent as volunteers to England in 1793 to serve in the English fleet, they fought with the French off the coast of North America. Both had experience sailing in tropical waters; For several years they sailed on English ships to the Antilles and India, and Kruzenshtern reached southern China.

Returning to Russia, I. Kruzenshtern in 1799 and 1802. presented projects for circumnavigation of the world as the most profitable direct trade communication between the Russian ports of the Baltic Sea and Russian America. Under Paul I, the project did not pass; under the young Alexander I, it was accepted with the support of the Russian-American company, which took on half the costs. At the beginning of August 1802, I. Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Yu. Lisyansky returned from India through England to his homeland in 1800. In 1802, after he was appointed to a round-the-world expedition, he went to England to purchase two sloops: tsarist officials believed that Russian ships would not withstand a round-the-world voyage. With great difficulty, Kruzenshtern ensured that the crew on both ships was staffed exclusively by domestic sailors: Russian noble Anglomaniacs argued that “with Russian sailors the enterprise will in no case succeed.” The sloop “Nadezhda” (430 tons) was commanded by I. Kruzenshtern himself, the ship “Neva” (370 tons) was commanded by Yu. Lisyansky. On board the Nadezhda was Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, son-in-law of G.I. Shelikhov, one of the founding directors of the Russian-American company. He was on his way to Japan with his retinue as an envoy to negotiate a trade agreement. At the end of July 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the Cape Verde Islands (near 14° N latitude), I. Krusenstern established that both sloops were being carried east by a strong current - this is how the Intertrade Countercurrent of the Atlantic was discovered ocean. In mid-November, for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet, ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. In the Pacific Ocean they were separated. Yu. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Fr. Easter, made an inventory of the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands) he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they moved to the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: I. Kruzenshtern - to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky; Yu. Lisyansky - to Russian America, to Fr. Kodiak.

Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov, testifying to his difficult situation, Yu. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander Archipelago and provided military assistance to A. Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these “koloshi” (as the Russians called them), incited by disguised pirate agents, American, destroyed the Russian fortification on the island. Sitka (Baranova Island). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon moved the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the Neva’s navigator Daniil Vasilyevich Kalinin, described the island in the Gulf of Alaska. Kodiak, as well as part of the Alexander Archipelago. At the same time, to the west of the island. Sitka D. Kalinin discovered Fr. Kruzova, previously considered a peninsula. A large island north of the island. Yu. Lisyansky named Sitka after V.N. Chichagov. In the fall of 1805, the Neva, with a cargo of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it connected with the Nadezhda. On the way, an uninhabited island was discovered. Lisyansky and the Neva Reef, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the southwest of them is the Kruzenshtern Reef. From Canton, where he managed to sell furs profitably, Yu. Lisyansky made an unprecedented non-stop journey around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England) in 140 days, but at the same time was separated from the Nadezhda in foggy weather off the southeastern coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, completing a circumnavigation of the world, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet.

The St. Petersburg authorities treated Yu. Lisyansky coldly. He was given another rank (2nd rank), but this was the end of his naval career. Description of his voyage “Journey around the world in 1803-1806.” on the ship "Neva" (St. Petersburg, 1812) he published at his own expense.

“Nadezhda” anchored near Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern delivered N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805, he returned with the envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted with him. On the way to Kamchatka, I. Kruzenshtern followed the Eastern Passage into the Sea of ​​Japan and photographed the western shore of the island. Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and carried out a number of determinations there of the geographical position of noticeable points. Intending to map the still poorly studied eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva and moved north along the coast with surveys. I. Krusenstern discovered the small Mordvinov Bay and described the rocky eastern and northern low-lying shores of Terpeniya Bay.

Powerful ice floes prevented reaching Cape Terpeniya and continuing filming to the north (late May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to postpone the survey work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and, through the strait that now bears his name, entered the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islands (Lovushki Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of a storm forced the Nadezhda to return to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived at Peter and Paul Harbor.

To continue research on the eastern coast of Sakhalin, I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Sakhalin Cape Terpeniya. Braving the storm, he began surveying north on 19 July. The coast up to 51°30" N had no major bends - only minor indentations (the mouths of small rivers); in the depths of the island one could see several rows of low mountains (the southern end of the Eastern Ridge), stretching parallel to the coast and rising noticeably to the north. After four days storm, accompanied by thick fog (late July), "Nadezhda" was again able to approach the coast, which became low-lying and sandy. At 52° N latitude, the sailors saw a small bay (they missed the other two, located to the south). The low-lying coast continued and further north, until on August 8, at latitude 54° N. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a high coast with a large cape named after Lieutenant Ermolai Levenshtern. The next day, in cloudy and foggy weather, Nadezhda rounded the northern end of Sakhalin and entered a small bay (Northern), its entrance and exit capes received the names of Elizabeth and Mary.

After a short stay, during which there was a meeting with the Gilyaks, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Bay: he wanted to check whether Sakhaltn Island, as it appeared on Russian maps of the 18th century, or a peninsula, as J. F. La Perouse claimed. At the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, the depths turned out to be insignificant, and I. Kruzenshtern, having come to the “conclusion that leaves no doubt” that Sakhalin is a peninsula, returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, for the first time he mapped and described more than 900 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.

In the fall of 1805, Nadezhda visited Macau and Canton. In 1806, she went over to Fr. without stopping. St. Helena, where the Neva waited in vain, then circled Great Britain from the north and returned to Kronstadt on August 19, 1806, without losing a single sailor to illness. This expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the geographical location of many points. Participants in the first circumnavigation of the world carried out various oceanological observations: they discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; carried out measurements of water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determination of its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea; collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, tides in several areas of the World Ocean.

The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation.

In 1809-1812. I. Kruzenshtern published three volumes of his Travels Around the World in 1803-1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". This work, translated in many European countries, immediately won general recognition. In 1813, “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” was published; Most of the maps (including the general one) were compiled by Lieutenant Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen. In the 20s Krusenstern published the “Atlas of the South Sea” with an extensive text, which is now a valuable literary source for historians of the discovery of Oceania and is widely used by Soviet and foreign specialists.

The idea of ​​circumnavigating the world in Russia has been floating around for quite some time. However, the first project for a trip around the world was developed and prepared only towards the end of the 18th century. The team of four ships was to be led by Captain G.I. Mulovsky, however, due to the war with Sweden, Russia canceled this expedition. In addition, its potential leader died in battle.

It is noteworthy that on the battleship Mstislav, whose commander was Mulovsky, young Ivan Kruzenshtern served as a midshipman. It was he, who became the leader of the implementation of the idea of ​​Russian circumnavigation, who would later lead the first Russian circumnavigation. At the same time as Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, his classmate, sailed on another battleship, which also took part in naval battles. Both sailed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Having fought on the side of the British against the French and returning to their homeland, both received the rank of lieutenant commander.

Krusenstern presented his project for a circumnavigation of the world to Paul I. The main goal of the project was to organize fur trade between Russia and China. However, this idea did not evoke the response that the captain had hoped for.

In 1799, the Russian-American Company was founded, the goal of which was to develop Russian America and the Kuril Islands and establish regular communications with overseas colonies.

The relevance of circumnavigation was due to the urgent need to maintain Russian colonies on the North American continent. Supplying food and goods to the colonists, providing settlers with weapons (the problem of frequent raids by the indigenous population (Indians), as well as potential threats from other powers) - these were pressing issues facing the Russian state. It was important to establish regular communication with the Russian colonists for their normal life. By this time it became clear that passage through the polar seas was postponed for an indefinite future. The journey by land, through all of Siberia and the Far East off-road, and then across the Pacific Ocean, is a very expensive and time-consuming “pleasure.”

From the beginning of the reign of Paul I's son Alexander, the Russian-American Company began to be under the patronage of the royal house. (It is noteworthy that the first director of the Russian-American Company was Ustyug resident Mikhail Matveevich Buldakov, who actively supported the idea of ​​circumnavigation financially and organizationally).

In turn, Emperor Alexander I supported Kruzenshtern in his desire to explore the possibilities of communication between Russia and North America, appointing him head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Captains Kruzentshtern and Lisyansky, having received two sloops under their command: “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, carefully approached the preparation of the expedition, purchasing a large amount of medicines and anti-scorbutic drugs, staffing the crews with the best Russian military sailors. It is interesting that all the cargo on the ship “Neva” was managed by another Ustyuzhan (here it is - the continuity of generations of Russian explorers) Nikolai Ivanovich Korobitsyn. The expedition was well equipped with various modern measuring instruments, since its tasks included scientific purposes (the expedition included astronomers, naturalists, and an artist).

At the beginning of August 1803, with a large crowd of people, Kruzenshtern's expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - Nadezhda and Neva. On board the Nadezhda there was a mission to Japan led by Nikolai Rezanov. The main purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. On March 3, they rounded Cape Horn and separated three weeks later in the Pacific Ocean. From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they separated again.

On July 1, 1804, the Neva arrived at Kodiak Island and remained off the coast of North America for more than a year. The sailors helped the inhabitants of Russian America defend their settlements from the attack of the Tlingit Indian tribes, participated in the construction of the Novo-Arkhangelsk (Sitka) fortress, and carried out scientific observations and hydrographic work.

At the same time, “Nadezhda” arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Krusenstern took Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, describing the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay along the way.

In the summer of 1805, Kruzenshtern for the first time photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus.

In August 1805, Lisyansky sailed on the Neva with a cargo of furs to China, and in November arrived at the port of Macau, where he again connected with Kruzenshtern and Nadezhda. But as soon as the ships left the port, they lost each other again in the fog. Following independently, Lisyansky, for the first time in the history of world navigation, navigated a ship without calling at ports or stops from the coast of China to Portsmouth in England. On July 22, 1806, his Neva was the first to return to Kronstadt.

Lisyansky and his crew became the first Russian circumnavigators. Only two weeks later the Nadezhda arrived here safely. But the fame of the circumnavigator mainly went to Krusenstern, who was the first to publish a description of the trip. His three-volume book “A Journey Around the World...” and “Atlas for a Journey” was published three years earlier than the works of Lisyansky, who considered his duties to be more important than the publication of a report for the Geographical Society. And Kruzenshtern himself saw in his friend and colleague, first of all, “an impartial, obedient person, zealous for the common good,” extremely modest. True, Lisyansky’s merits were nevertheless noted: he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, a cash bonus and a lifelong pension. For him, the main gift was the gratitude of the officers and sailors of the sloop, who endured the hardships of the voyage with him and gave him as a souvenir a golden sword with the inscription: “Gratitude of the crew of the ship “Neva.”

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

During his travels, Lisyansky collected an extensive natural and ethnographic collection, which later became the property of the Russian Geographical Society (one of the initiators of which was Kruzenshtern).

Three times in his life Lisyansky was the first: the first to travel around the world under the Russian flag, the first to pave the way from Russian America to Kronstadt, the first to discover an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean.

The first Russian round-the-world trip by Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky turned out to be practically a standard in terms of its organization, support and execution. At the same time, the expedition proved the possibility of communication with Russian America.

The enthusiasm after the return of the Nadezhda and Neva to Kronstadt was so great that in the first half of the 19th century, more than 20 circumnavigations were organized and completed, which is more than France and England combined.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern became the inspirer and organizer of subsequent expeditions, the leaders of which were, among other things, members of the crew of his sloop Nadezhda.

Midshipman Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen traveled on the Nadezhda, who would later discover Antarctica in 1821 on a circumnavigation of the world in high southern latitudes.

Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue sailed on the same sloop as a volunteer, under whose leadership 2 circumnavigations were carried out.

In 1815-18, Kotzebue led a round-the-world research expedition on the brig Rurik. At Cape Horn, during a storm (January 1816), a wave washed him overboard; he saved himself by grabbing a rope. After an unsuccessful search for the fantastic “Davis Land” west of the coast of Chile, at 27° S. latitude. in April-May 1816 he discovered the inhabited island of Tikei, the atolls of Takapoto, Arutua and Tikehau (all in the Tuamotu archipelago), and in the Ratak chain of the Marshall Islands - the atolls of Utirik and Taka. At the end of July - mid-August, Kotzebue described the coast of Alaska for almost 600 km, discovered Shishmarev Bay, Sarychev Island and the vast Kotzebue Bay, and in it - the Bay of Good Hope (now Goodhope) and Eschscholtz with the Khoris Peninsula and Shamisso Island (all names are given in honor of the participants in the voyage). Thus, he completed the identification of the Seward Peninsula, begun by Mikhail Gvozdyov in 1732. To the northeast of the bay, he noted high mountains (spurs of the Brooks Range).

Together with the naturalists of Rurik, for the first time in America, Kotzebue discovered fossil ice with a mammoth tusk and gave the first ethnographic description of the North American Eskimos. In January-March 1817, he again explored the Marshall Islands and discovered seven inhabited atolls in the Ratak chain: Medjit, Votje, Erikub, Maloelap, Aur, Ailuk and Bikar. He also mapped a number of atolls whose coordinates his predecessors had identified incorrectly and “closed” several non-existent islands.

In 1823-26, commanding the sloop Enterprise, Kotzebue completed his third circumnavigation of the world. In March 1824 he discovered the inhabited atoll of Fangahina (in the Tuamotu archipelago) and the island of Motu-One (in the Society archipelago), and in October 1825 - the Rongelap and Bikini atolls (in the Ralik chain, Marshall Islands). Together with naturalists on both voyages, Kotzebue made numerous determinations of the specific gravity, salinity, temperature and transparency of sea water in temperate and hot zones. They were the first to establish four features of near-surface (up to a depth of 200 m) oceanic waters: their salinity is zonal; the waters of the temperate zone are less salty than those of the hot zone; water temperature depends on the latitude of the place; Seasonal temperature fluctuations appear up to a certain limit, below which they do not occur. For the first time in the history of ocean exploration, Kotzebue and his companions made observations of the relative transparency of water and its density.

Another famous navigator was Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who, having traveled around the world on the sloop "Diana", in 1817 led an expedition on the sloop "Kamachtka". Many members of the ship's crew in the future became the colors of the Russian fleet: midshipman Fyodor Petrovich Litke (later captain of the circumnavigation), volunteer Fyodor Matyushin (later admiral and senator), junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel (admiral and Arctic explorer) and others. In two years, "Kamchatka" passed the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, rounded Cape Horn, visited Russian America, visited all significant groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, then passed the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to Kronstadt through the Atlantic Ocean.

Fyodor Litke two years later was appointed head of the polar expedition on the ship Novaya Zemlya. For four years, Litke explored the Arctic, summarizing rich expeditionary materials, and published the book “Four-time voyages to the Arctic Ocean on the military brig “Novaya Zemlya” in 1821-1824.” The work was translated into many languages ​​and received scientific recognition; sailors used the maps of the expedition for a century.

In 1826, when Fyodor Litka was not even 29 years old, he led an expedition around the world on the new ship Senyavin. The Senyavin was accompanied by the sloop Moller under the command of Mikhail Stanyukovich. The ships turned out to be different in their running characteristics (“Moller” is much faster than “Senyavin”) and almost throughout the entire length the ships sailed alone, meeting only at anchorages in ports. The expedition, which lasted three years, turned out to be one of the most successful and rich in scientific discoveries of travel, not only Russian, but also foreign. The Asian coast of the Bering Strait was explored, islands were discovered, materials on ethnography and oceanography were collected, and numerous maps were compiled. During the trip, Litke was engaged in scientific research in the field of physics; experiments with a pendulum allowed the scientist to determine the magnitude of the Earth's polar compression and make a number of other important discoveries. After the end of the expedition, Litke published “A Voyage Around the World on the Sloop of War “Senyavin” in 1826-1829”, gaining recognition as a scientist, and was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.

Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, and for many years was its vice-chairman. In 1873, the society established the Great Gold Medal named after. F. P. Litke, awarded for outstanding geographical discoveries.

The names of brave travelers, heroes of Russian round-the-world expeditions are immortalized on maps of the globe:

A bay, peninsula, strait, river and cape on the coast of North America in the area of ​​the Alexandra Archipelago, one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, an underwater island in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and a peninsula on the northern coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are named after Lisyansky.

A number of straits, islands, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in the Kuril Islands are named after Krusenstern.

The following are named in honor of Litke: a cape, a peninsula, a mountain and a bay on Novaya Zemlya; islands: in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Baydaratskaya Bay, Nordenskiöld archipelago; strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island.

During circumnavigation of the world in the 19th century, expedition participants showed their best qualities: Russian navigators, military men and scientists, many of whom became the color of the Russian fleet, as well as domestic science. They forever inscribed their names in the glorious chronicle of “Russian civilization.”

On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, on which Russian sailors were to travel around the world.

The head of the expedition was Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. “Neva” was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had previously taken part in long voyages. Krusenstern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French War, and was in America, India, and China.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Krusenstern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was aimed at promoting the expansion of trade relations between Russians and China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.

During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, vast regions in North America, called Russian America, were visited and annexed to Russia.

Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur riches of these places penetrated to St. Petersburg. However, communication with “Russian America” at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, heading to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for summer, across the Bering Sea to America. The delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing was especially expensive. It was necessary to cut long ropes into pieces and, after delivery to the site, fasten them again; They did the same with chains for anchors and sails.

In 1799, merchants united to create a large fishery under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived near the fishery. The so-called Russian-American Company arose. However, the profits from the sale of furs largely went to cover travel costs.

Kruzenshtern’s project was to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea instead of a difficult and long journey by land. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern suggested a closer point of sale for furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were very expensive. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.

After reading Kruzenshtern’s project, Paul I muttered: “What nonsense!” - and this was enough for the bold initiative to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Marine Department. Under Alexander I, Kruzenshtern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself owned shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel project was approved.

Preparations
It was necessary to purchase ships, since in Russia there were no ships suitable for long-distance voyages. The ships were purchased in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would provide a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.

The expedition was relatively well equipped with precision instruments for conducting various observations, and had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other aids necessary for long voyages.

Krusenstern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he vigorously protested, and a Russian crew was recruited.

Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly anti-scorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time the Russians knew almost completely. Japan traded only with Holland; its ports remained closed to other countries.

In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take back to their homeland several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived in it for quite a long time.
After much preparation, the ships set out to sea.