Inspection of an automation object 1C example. Example of a process approach: pre-project survey of an industrial company. Example of a BPMN diagram. Software used

Introduction

Chapter 1. Pre-project research.

1.1 Initial data

1.2 Pre-design analysis of a given object.

1.3 Project plot (requirements presented by the customer, real or fictitious);

1.4 Design and spatial solution.

1.5 Justification for choosing a stylistic solution.

Selection and description of a biosimilar

1.6 Biosimilar styling

1.7 Biosimilar modeling

Chapter 2. Design and spatial solution.

2.1. Description of the general plan or location, orientation of the design object.

2.2. Space-planning solution.

2.3. Architectural and constructive solution.

2.4. Stylistic solution of the entire object and its elements.

2.5. Lighting (briefly).

Design part

2.1 Construction materials used in the project

Conclusion

List of used sources and literature.

Application

Photos of the layout

Introduction

Designing a storefront is the most important step in the store opening system. It is at the design stage that the foundation for the future profitability of a retail facility is laid. Incorrect placement of retail equipment and poor organization of customer flows can reduce store revenue by up to 40%. Therefore, at the stage of drawing up the project, it is necessary to develop in detail a layout of shelving, display stands, showcases and counters, making maximum use of the room’s capabilities. Setting design objectives should take into account trade and technological processes and ensure their efficiency.

Nowadays, every store strives to create a certain system of images and visual messages that form an extremely clear impression of the store, the social status of its customers, the assortment and, in fact, explain who and why should go shopping here, and, for example, not in the store opposite . And if in the rest of the world these impressions are based on stable stereotypes of perception, then in the Kyrgyz Republic stereotypes corresponding to the new social order are just beginning to form. Often by trial and error. Many store owners know that the design of display windows, counters, etc. is just a way to lure buyers, but few of them feel this line. It is due to this lack of attentiveness that mistakes occur in which the interior or exterior of a retail outlet does not attract the attention of customers, and in some cases even begins to repel. In Western countries, it has long been the case to boldly order the development and design of a store, contacting various companies involved in this activity. Also, these same companies undertake to perform architecture, consulting, merchandising, and marketing communications. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the creation of the concept of a trade brand just recently began, and of course they are not competent to compete with the West, but I am sure that in the near future, store design will find its place.

In my work, I decided to start from the fact that it is necessary to change the point of view, to look at everyday things in a simplified way. This is precisely what served as the reason for taking “kerege” as an analogue. kerege – folding walls of a yurt, a symbol of hearth and safety. In addition, the technical purpose of the kerege itself was both simply walls and supports for uuks and tunduk. The main idea of the project is to preserve folk culture, but at the same time connect them with modern culture.

Shop (fr. magazine from Arabic مخزان‎‎ ma kh zān- warehouse, storage, pers. مغازه ‎ - store) - a specially equipped stationary building or part of it, intended for the retail sale of goods and provision of services to customers and provided with retail, utility, administrative and amenity premises, as well as premises for receiving, storing goods and preparing them for sale - warehouses. At the moment, in our country the number of stores is increasing every day, which in turn may differ not only in the provision of goods in different directions, but can also have radically different types. It should be noted that shops in the city of Bishkek are somewhat chaotic structures and only a few of them stand out harmoniously fitting into the dynamic warehouse of the city.

I decided to choose the Nike sports store, which is located on Gorky Street, as the design object; we will look at the store itself below.

Chapter 1. Pre-design research.

Style: ethnic.

Subject of study: main characteristics, signs and elements of ethnic style using the example of retail outlet design (store display).

Ethnic style- this is the creation of an interior using national traditions, colors and customs characteristic of any one nation. Here you need to take into account not only color and shape, but also traditional furniture and decorations. Only by using the largest possible number of elements characteristic of a particular country will your interior “speak” the language of the people in which it was born.

What exactly is meant by the phrase “folk color”? These are characteristic features of a particular culture. For example, Japan is characterized by sliding doors, symmetry, hieroglyphs, and very low furniture. Characteristic features of France are high ceilings, complex colors, and a combination of antique and modern elements in one interior. Ireland is characterized by brown and green tones and a checkered pattern. Well, for our country it is important to preserve the origins of the culture of the Kyrgyz people, which is what I tried to do, but nevertheless to keep up with the times, mixing our culture with the modern, which should soon develop into a separate style. As you can see, you can create an ethnic style based on the culture of absolutely any nation.

Characteristic features of ethnic style- the use of natural materials and fabrics; naturally, chrome, aluminum, plastic
and other materials inherent in, say, high-tech style are excluded.

You should give preference to the characteristic elements of furniture and decor of the particular culture that you want to embody in the interior. You should not use eclectic design techniques (mixing two or more interior styles in one room). The remaining features must be taken from the characteristic features of a particular culture.
Therefore, if you are going to decorate the interior in an ethnic style, then first of all you should determine which culture you want to see as its basis. As mentioned above, you need to use natural materials. Our culture is characterized by wooden products, leather and clay products, and felt was also widely used.

The popularity of ethno can be explained by the fact that it awakens something hidden, intimate, which is stored deep in the soul of everyone and is in tune with it. Overloaded with information and stress, our consciousness falls back to its origins without taking into account social or cultural differences. In modern psychology there is even a term that explains this craving of an urbanized person - “atavism of consciousness”, what can be called genetic memory, the call of blood, ancestors. This also explains the pleasure with which we look at the smoldering coals of a fire or a stream of water.

Modern people have witnessed the second coming of ethnic style. The first can be considered the period when Europeans expanded their territories through colonies and the conquest of so-called primitive peoples, forcibly imposing their culture and values on them and at the same time being imbued with new trends.

Classification of ethnic styles:

English style

African

Victorian style

Dutch style

Egyptian

Indian

Colonial style

Moroccan

Scandinavian

Mediterranean

French

Japanese

Oriental

An example of the use of ethno style in the interior:

English style- an elegant and cozy direction that connects new and old elements. The main elements of the style are fabric, especially waxed chintz, comfortable and upholstered furniture, many accessories - books, candles, flowers, lamps and antiques. Modern interpretations of this style are cleaner and more neutral - for example, the Shabby Chic style.
The main attributes of this style are cabinets decorated with dark oak or walnut panels and green cloth. Such an office necessarily includes a solid work desk and an extensive library. A favorite decor is a vertical strip, which is used in furniture upholstery, wall decoration, etc. The English style is expressed in our time both in direct copying of its historical varieties (Victorian style, Chippendale, Sheraton), and in an eclectic solution that organically includes spirit and features of different eras. English-style furniture is assembled from solid wood, which undergoes minimal surface treatment: waxed or varnished, which allows you to show the wood texture in all its glory.

Oriental style - whimsical geometric shapes, a realm of peace, lots of soft pillows and naturally rich fabrics

: velvet, luxurious brocade, iridescent silk and moire, light organza, which, reflecting the light with a magical glow, are similar to the palaces of the maharajas from Scheherazade’s fairy tales. Oriental style absorbs all the mystery and mystery of the East.

Predominant colors: yellow on black or white, blue, pink, warm brown, green. A lot of use is made of warm red and various blue shades in combination with simple geometric patterns and various draperies. A combination of saturated and low-saturated shades is often used, creating smooth transitions and gradient flashes. How often have we begun to turn to this interior style in projects. Design projects in oriental style will always be interesting for their ornate patterns and color scheme.

Egyptian style: The calm symmetry of Ancient Egypt continues to excite the minds of many interior stylists. This is rightfully the first of the grandiose styles of world culture, which developed over many centuries. As a result, an original system was born from various details, which was based on the frieze-like construction of scenes in paintings, a combination of elements of figures depicted on a plane in front and profile, and different scales in the depiction of people, both great and god-like pharaohs and mere mortals. Basically, all subjects were depicted on the plane of the walls. At first, heroic and mythological ones prevailed, then everyday ones appeared. But both of them were called upon not so much to decorate life materially as to aesthetically decorate life. The apparent overload of ornamentation never created a feeling of massiveness, heaviness, but only the comfort of the home, which reflected the main features of the Egyptian style.

The Japanese style of modern interior design is gaining popularity. Many people like its simplicity, elegance, functionality, as well as unusual solutions to common problems. In addition, the Japanese interior protects a person from the adversities of the outside world: close the door and all the troubles will remain outside.

A traditional Japanese house has no walls. The landscape is a natural continuation of the interior. From the inside, the house is divided not into rooms, but into “functional zones” (with the help of screens, curtains, due to differences in floor level). All this has been incorporated into the modern Japanese style. Screens make the apartment space light and transparent; By rearranging them, you can update the interior at least every day.

Japanese culture is guided by the principle: “everything unnecessary is ugly.” The basis of Japanese is emptiness, emphasizing the inner grace of what little there is in the house. Therefore, the fundamental feature of Japanese style is minimalism. The house should contain only the most necessary pieces of furniture, household items and decor. All things and household utensils are hidden in built-in closets.

Items should be not only practical, but also beautiful. And only that which has a unique face is beautiful. Every item in a Japanese interior is unique. At the same time, the beauty of a thing can only be understood by its owners.

The 1C Enterprise platform has long ceased to be an “accounting program” and with the release of version 8 it has joined the ranks of the largest players in the corporate information systems market. Full implementation of a program has long ceased to be just “installing a program.” Design is not a simple process and requires a project approach. Let's consider one of the options for the phased implementation of a corporate information system.

During the preliminary work stage, the customer learns about the experience of similar projects of the contractor and receives statistical cost estimates (since there is still little information for real estimates). Based on this information, a preliminary commercial proposal is prepared and agreed upon with the client.

The client ascertains the competence of the performer
The Contractor determines that the Client is interested in the project and is ready to continue working

Agreement of intent or framework agreement for cooperation

Pre-project inspection (express inspection)

Typically, to start a project, the Client needs more accurate estimates of the planned budget and timing of the project. For this purpose, a rapid examination is carried out. It is clarified what tasks need to be solved in order for the Client to achieve his goals: within a reasonable time and budget, to obtain the optimal result. Based on the results of the express survey, a project plan and all the necessary documentation to begin work are prepared.

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client gets an idea of the projected labor intensity, timing and cost of completing tasks, including the time spent by his employees, learns possible risks, and determines the readiness of his company for the project
The contractor specifies the resources required to complete the project

The result of the 1C project stage of work

Updated forecast budget and implementation schedule
At the request of the client: express examination report

Modeling (prototyping) of the future system

Products for automation of accounting and management allow you to create an effective internal business environment. Usually the Client is interested in “looking into the future”, seeing in what internal environment his business will operate after the project. The client wants to understand the advantages and disadvantages of this environment, formulate requirements for changing the environment, or, on the contrary, adapt to more efficient work patterns provided by the product. For this purpose, modeling is carried out - emulation of the work of all the Client’s processes as if the project had already been completed. It is necessary not only to show the client the “future”, but also to tell how the product will make the business more efficient

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client understands how the project product will achieve the goals he needs. The client has a good idea of what exactly will change in his business after introducing the product.
The contractor determines which client processes are already supported by the standard product, and where it is necessary to synchronize the product and client processes

The result of the 1C project stage of work

Prototype (model) of the Client’s business in an automated system
At the request of the client: formalized description of business processes

Design of the future system

Usually the Client wants to use the results of the project for the benefit of the business without a significant time delay. To do this, we need to help the Client formulate a system design - determine detailed requirements for the project product and, together with the Client, we audit them (we highlight the truly essential requirements and additional, less essential requirements).

In addition, the Client often expresses wishes to quickly obtain the first result. The design can be carried out in separate stages for each set of business processes that is significant for the Client (for example, “Warehouse”, “CRM”, “Production”).

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client understands how the project product will be created and in what environment it will function
The Contractor determines which requirements for acceptance of product development results are essential for the Client

The result of the 1C project stage of work

Technical requirements for the automated system

Development within the 1C project

The development allows us to implement missing functions that are important for the Client in a standard product. Usually the Client does not want to know what exactly our programmers are doing. However, recently many Clients have been directing their IT department to further support the automated system and want to receive a complete list of changes in the standard product. It is necessary to take into account all the Client’s wishes and, if necessary, draw up a technical project - a detailed description of how the product is configured.

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client receives the main product of the project: an automated accounting and management system
The Contractor clarifies the Client’s additional wishes for further settings and prepares for the implementation of the product

The result of the 1C project stage of work

System testing protocols by the Client

Implementation of the 1C information system

Usually the Client needs the result of a turnkey project. Such interaction with the Client’s employees is necessary to ensure that all necessary commissioning work is completed. At the implementation stage, the automated system is deployed at all workplaces, data is imported from previous systems, the required training is carried out for the Client’s employees and they are consulted on emerging issues: everything that is needed to quickly and efficiently launch the system is done.

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client receives all the agreed project products: the required equipment, a system deployed on a specified number of automated workstations, qualified personnel
The contractor receives information to support the product

The result of the 1C project stage of work

The act of putting an automated system into operation

Post-project support 1C

Typically, the client wants the achieved result of the project to always be relevant, regardless of changes in the external and internal environment of the business. This is achieved continuously. Flexible interaction between the contractor and the Client’s IT service (if available) is required, and only those services that are truly necessary for the safe operation of the product and its development should be provided.

Effective result of the 1C project stage of work

The client ensures information security and timely adjustment of the system to new business requirements
The contractor receives feedback to improve the product and project activities in general

The result of the 1C project stage of work

System maintenance acts

If you are interested in the design development of your own corporate information system, you can contact us for any questions.

results

pre-project survey

COMPANY "…."

for the implementation of a corporate information system (CIS)

1C: “Institute of Standard Production Solutions” (ITRP)



		Purpose of the survey
		Organizational structure of JSC "..."
		Description of the functions of departments and existing document flow
		Accepted accounting policies
		Description of the current level of automation
		Automated functions
		Software used
		Review of the existing computer park
		Conclusions based on the results of the survey of JSC "..."
		Division analysis
		Analysis of current automation
		System composition
		Main characteristics of the system (according to accounting areas)
		The procedure for implementing CIS 1C: “ITRP”
		Basic implementation plan for CIS 1C: “ITRP”
		Salary and personnel
		Implementation sequence diagram
		Economic expediency.

Purpose of the survey

In the process of pre-project inspection of JSC "...", the main directions of production and economic activities and the organizational structure of JSC "..." are studied. The functions of departments, existing information relationships between departments, internal and external document flow are determined.

Based on the analysis of this information, the required accounting subsystems (for example, warehouse accounting of a state enterprise) are determined, covering several divisions, each of which is interested in the efficiency and relevance of the data. Recommendations are being developed to improve document flow and eliminate duplication of information. When designing a comprehensive ITRP solution, solutions are laid out that implement the principles of single input.

The current level of automation is studied: a list of developed subsystems, the composition of automated workstations and the range of tasks to be solved are determined in order to determine the functional completeness of the system and the automation of accounting functions. Proposals are being developed for the required composition of the selected CIS (Corporate Information System) subsystems, clarifying the list of tasks to be automated, and expanding the composition of automated workstations in order to obtain complete operational information on accounting, operational and management accounting of the production and economic activities of JSC "...", providing making the right management decisions in real time.

The software and information support used are determined and the state of the existing computer park is examined in order to develop proposals for the use of new information technologies, proposals for modernization or expansion of the computer park.

The accounting policies used are examined in order to determine the specifics of accounting for CJSC “...”.

A survey of existing business processes and business processes is carried out.

procedures. A comparative analysis of enterprise management technologies, existing document flow with technologies and document flow within the 1C: ITRP system is carried out.

An organizational and functional automation scheme is being formed, and requirements for the designed CIS 1C: “ITRP” are being developed. Based on the installed accounting subsystems and their readiness for automation, a phased calendar plan for the implementation of CIS 1C ITRP is formed.

2. Organizational structure of JSC “...”.

Purpose and information links of departments

The structural diagram of JSC "..." is presented in Appendix 1.

The General Director manages the production, economic and financial-economic activities of CJSC “...”, bearing full responsibility for the consequences of decisions made, financial and economic results of activities. Organizes the work and interaction of all structural divisions, directs their activities towards the development and improvement of production, increasing operational efficiency, increasing sales volumes and increasing profits, quality and competitiveness of manufactured products.

The executive director determines the technical policy and directions of technical development of JSC “...”, ways of reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing production. In accordance with the approved plans, he manages the development of measures for the reconstruction and modernization of the enterprise. Organizes work to increase the range and improve the quality of products, introduce into production means of complex mechanization and automation of technological processes.

The commercial director manages the financial and economic activities of the enterprise in the field of logistics, procurement and storage of materials, and sales of products on the market. Takes measures to timely conclude economic and financial agreements with suppliers of materials and buyers, finished products, expand direct and long-term economic relations, ensures the fulfillment of contractual obligations for the supply of products, and carries out foreign economic activities.

The technical director provides technical preparation of production, operation, repair and modernization of equipment. Provides work on heat supply, ventilation, maintenance of compressor units, construction.

The production manager manages the production and economic activities of JSC “...”. Manages the work on operational regulation of production progress, ensuring the rhythmic release of products of the required range and quality. Carries out work to identify and develop technical innovations and best practices that contribute to improving technology, organizing production and increasing labor productivity.

The CFO brings a financial perspective to strategic and policy activities; conducts work in the field of diagnostics of financial condition, economic trends, interpretation of legislative and financial aspects of government regulation. The financial director is responsible for managing the company's funds and ensuring timely fulfillment of the company's obligations. Ensures the analysis of planning and economic activities of production and the preparation of accounting, tax, and management reporting. Supervises the information technology department. Coordinates work with banks and leasing companies.

The production consists of three workshops: Whole milk production workshop, Cheese production workshop, Drying workshop, Ice cream workshop.

The ice cream workshop is a remote workshop (distance ~2 km), but is an integral part of the main production.

Reception of milk is handled by the raw material procurement department, which manages the main receiving point located on the territory of the plant and 8 milk collection points located in the Pskov region.

The laboratory carries out quality control of received milk and released finished products.

Sales of finished products consists of divisions: Sales department of the plant and (structural divisions) Trading House "...", Trading House "...", "Trading from ..."

3. Description of the functions of the departments and existing document flow

Accounting ( Appendix 2 )

Planning and Economic Department ( Appendix 3 )

Production ( Appendix 4 )

Sales department ( Appendix 5 )

Purchase department ( Appendix 6 )

Logistics Department (OPGP-TSPM, OPGP – Ice Cream Shop) ( Appendix 7 )

4. Accepted accounting policies

Below are the key provisions of the accounting policy that determines the maintenance of accounting records in CJSC “...”.

The main objectives of accounting are:

– formation of complete and reliable information about economic processes and results of the enterprise’s activities;

– ensuring control over the availability and movement of property, the use of material, labor and financial resources;

– timely prevention of negative phenomena in economic and financial activities.

According to the accounting policy of the enterprise, accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions is carried out on the basis of natural measures in monetary terms through continuous, continuous, documentary and interconnected interaction.

All business transactions must be monitored and reflected in the accounts, and prompt and effective information must be provided within the established time frame.

The fact of a business transaction is recorded by primary documents, which are the basis for entry in the accounting registers. Accounting is carried out using a journal order form with subsequent filling out of the General Ledger

5. Description of the current level of automation

The beginning of work on automation of accounting functions at JSC “...” dates back to 1993. At the moment, an automated system is functioning, built as a set of automated workstations (AWS), each of which has its own clearly defined functional specialization and provides solutions to problems in individual accounting areas. In this case, an automated workstation of a separate accounting section is implemented on one or several computers that are not physically connected to each other, but work on one information base, which is supported on all computers of a given workstation. Information exchange between computers of the automated workstation is carried out via a floppy disk. The exchange of information between individual workstations is not carried out due to the lack of a unified information base and a unified system of classification and coding of information, which significantly reduces the efficiency of obtaining generalized information.

5.1. Automated functions

Function	location	Number of PCs	Language	The name of the program
Labor and wages accounting	Accounting 1
Accounting for cash flows at the enterprise cash desk
Accounting for the passage of funds through the bank	Accounting 1
Settlement with accountable persons	Accounting 1
Payments for services	Accounting 1
Generation and printing of payment documents	Accounting 1
General Ledger, Balance Sheet.	Accounting 1
Expedition dispatcher's workstation	Expedition
Product sales accounting	Accounting 2
Accounting for receipt of raw materials and settlements with suppliers of raw materials	Reception of raw materials Accounting 2
Accounting for the movement of materials and settlements with material suppliers	Accounting 2
Workstation of a storekeeper of a finished goods warehouse	Expedition. Ice cream shop
Workstation of the packaging specialist	Expedition
Retail	Accounting 3.
Payments to retail suppliers	Accounting 3.
Wholesale 1 PC	Accounting 2.
Payments to wholesale suppliers	Accounting 2.
Sales of wholesale products (sausage cheese)	Accounting 2.
Formation and printing of powers of attorney	Accounting 1
Accounting for fixed assets	Accounting 1.
Calculation of calculations and production costs	Not maintained

Brief description of functions

1. Labor and wage accounting – 1 PC - language. PROGRESS

Accounting 1.

2. Accounting for cash flows at the enterprise’s cash desk – 1 PC – language. FOXPRO Program name

– issuing cash documents (receipt and expense cash orders)
– register of incoming documents
- cashier's report
– report card file
– reporting forms: railway station 1, statement for railway station 1, analytics, final certificate

3. Accounting for the passage of funds through the bank - 1 PC - language. FOXPRO

Accounting 1.

– maintaining a file of bank statements.
– receiving a journal, statements and analytics for all accounts or for a department. account, collapsed or expanded.
– final certificate.
– information about the organization.
4. Payments to accountable persons – 1 PC – language. FOXPRO

Accounting 1.

– input advance payment. reports
– entering payment – receiving from automated workplace “CASSA”
– acceptance of extracts from automated workplace “BANK”
– maintaining turnover and balances
– w/o 7 (summary and advance reports)
– final certificate
– purchase book for shipment or payment
– VAT statement
– analytics

5. Payments for services – 1 PC – language. FOXPRO

Accounting 1.

– generation of invoices
– enter payment
– maintaining balance
– generation of invoices
– w/o 8
– summary certificate
- Book of purchases
– decoding of invoices not included in the purchase book
– reconciliation acts
– analytics

6. Formation and printing of payment documents 1 ANY PC - language. PROGRESS

7. General Ledger, Balance Sheet. 1 PC – language FOXPRO

Accounting 1.
– input of credit turnover
– receiving debit turnovers
– formation and printing of the general ledger, reverse. balance sheet, enterprise report BALANCE
– generation of certificates on debit. and credit accounts
– seal w\o
– view equipment balance
– corrected revolutions in the past periods

8. Expedition dispatcher workstation 4 PC – language. FOXPRO

– formation of technical specifications and invoices for shipment of products
– generating a pass-consolidated invoice for the checkpoint
– stamp of quality certificate
– printing reports on shipped products per day and per period

9. Accounting for product sales 1 PC – lang. FOXPRO

Accounting 2.
– receiving information about the shipment of products
– generating and printing invoices for shipments. products
– entering payment for presented invoices 9prie from automated workstations “KAASSA” AND “BANK”
– control of payment of invoices presented
– acceptance of tests on returnable packaging from automated workplace “TARA”
– preparation of reporting forms and registers
– preparation of statement 16
– operational calculation of balance by payers
– sales book
– reconciliation acts

10. Accounting for receipt of raw materials and settlements with suppliers of raw materials 2 PCs – lang. FOXPRO

1st PC: Reception of raw materials.
– issue of technical specification for receipt of raw materials, for return
– issuing acts in case of discrepancies in data
– issuing TTN transmission from reception points
– receiving reports on raw materials
– obtaining information on qualities. indicators

2nd PC: Accounting 2.

– forms and printing of receipts
– payment input and control (reception from automated workplace “CASH”)
– acceptance of tests from the automated workplace “IMPLEMENTATION”
- Book of purchases
– f\o 6-z

11. Accounting for the movement of materials and settlements with suppliers of materials 2 PCs – language. FOXPRO

1st PC: Accounting 2.

– accounting of availability and movement to storage locations
-input arrival documents (for cash payment, from processing, internal turnover, from suppliers, etc.)
– acceptance of invoices from the automated workplace “MATERIAL SUPPLIERS”
– input of consumables documents (production costs)
- for recycling
– internal turnover
– write-off
– other expenses
– maintaining warehouse cards. accounting
– maintaining a card index of amounts. accounting
– compilation of reporting registers:
– MOL report
– turnover sheet
– balance sheet
- arrival statements and expenses
– f\o 10
– calculation of bargaining margins
– carrying out an inventory
- compiling inventory. and coll. statements
– 16th statement
– sales book

2nd PC: Accounting 2.

……………… etc.

5.2. Software used

The software on the basis of which the workplaces are implemented was developed by the ACS department of JSC “...”. The software of each workstation is a software complex developed independently of the others and operating autonomously. The programs are written in the PROGRESS DBMS and FOXPRO DBMS systems to work in the DOS operating environment. The IT department is responsible for maintaining the software.

5.3. Disadvantages of the software used:

The system lacks integrity and closure. The fragmentation of information input entails duplication of objects (names, objects), there is no control over the uniqueness of the entered information.

There is no efficiency corresponding to the current time.

There is no analysis of economic activities, accounting and tax reporting, or formation of a balance sheet.

Overview of the computer park of JSC "..."

At the moment, 44 computers are installed at the plant. Of them:

1 machines with 286 processor

2 machines with 386 processor

1 machines with 486 processor

1 machines with Celeron 433 processor

6 machines with Celeron 466 processor

2 machines with Celeron 633 processor

2 machines with Celeron 700 processor

6 machines with Celeron 1700 processor

1 machines with Pentium II processor

3 machines with Pentium III processor

19 machines with Pentium IV processor

Subdivision		Comp.
	Pentium III 1300×2
	Pentium IV – 1500
	Pentium IV-1600
	INTEL Celeron 1700
	Intel Pentium III 750 MHz
	INTEL Celeron 1700

Accounting

Head. buh.	Intel Pentium IV 1500 MHz
Accounting (deputy chief accountant)	Intel Pentium IV 1500 MHz
Accounting (cash)		Replacement
Accounting (materials)	Intel Celeron 633 MHz
Accounting (MOL)		Replacement
Accounting (taxes)	Intel Celeron 633 MHz
Accounting (wholesale trading)	Intel Pentium 133 MHz	Replacement
Accounting (OS)	Pentium IV – 1700
Accounting (material suppliers)	Intel Pentium III 700 MHz
Accounting (sales)	Pentium IV – 1700
Accounting (canteen)	Cyrix 486 56 MHz	Replacement
Accounting (finance)	INTEL Celeron 1700
Accounting (Bank-Client)	Intel Celeron 700 MHz
Accounting (salary)	INTEL Celeron 1700

Control

Sales department

Planning and Economic Department

		INTEL Celeron 1700
		Intel Pentium IV 1500 MHz
		Intel Pentium IV 1500 MHz
		Pentium IV-1600
		Intel Celeron 633 MHz

	Intel Pentium 120 MHz	Replacement
Reception	Intel Celeron 466 MHz
Supply	Intel Pentium IV 1500 MHz

Ice cream shop, OPGP

	Ice cream shop	Intel Celeron 700 MHz
	Ice cream shop
	Ice cream shop	Intel Celeron 633 MHz
	Ice cream shop	Intel Celeron IV 1700 MHz

OPGP (CMP)

Total: 5 computers need to be replaced, 2 are in doubt.

Number of outdated monitors – 5

Scheme of a local computer network of JSC “….”

6. Conclusions based on the results of the pre-project survey of JSC “...”

The enterprise is headed by the General Director, who manages all production, economic and financial economic activities.

The structural divisions of the administrative block and auxiliary production are directly subordinate to him. Management of the activities of the technical support block, supply and sales block, as well as the production block is carried out through the Executive Director, Head of Production and Technical Director

6.1. Division analysis

Raw materials procurement department

Provides the production unit with a raw material base.

Purchase department

Engaged in logistics and technical support of the main production.

Sales department

Sales of finished products. Acceptance of finished products. Placement of orders, work with clients. Information on product sales is used by the marketing department and economic planning department.

Logistics Department

Documents of receipt of materials, shipment of products, movement and production release of materials, drawing up an operational production plan.

Production block

The structural divisions of this block ensure the production and economic activities of JSC “...”. Information in the production unit comes from the supply department (through warehousing) - when supplying production with raw materials and materials. Documentarily reports to the accounting department with documents on internal movement and release of finished products. Reports on production activities are provided to the accounting department and planning department. The quality activities of the production unit are controlled by the laboratory and the planning department, which provides technical and economic planning. The production unit is subordinated directly to the Production Manager, who supervises the work of operationally regulating the progress of production and ensuring the rhythmic release of products of the required range and quality. The executive director works to identify and master technical innovations and best practices that contribute to improving technology, organizing production and increasing labor productivity.

Laboratory

The laboratory is part of the administrative block and is directly connected with the production process (from the supply of raw materials to the release of products). It provides incoming control of raw materials, production control, control of finished products, microbiological control of raw materials and components, production, finished products; control of used containers and packaging; control of sanitary and hygienic production conditions; control of the quality of water used at the enterprise, etc. The department reports directly to the Executive Director.

Management block.

Management block directly to the General Director. The structural divisions of this block provide administrative work for the rest of the production. They transmit and receive information from other departments, analyze it, transforming it into the necessary reporting, both internal and external.

Legal department provides sales and supply services with contracts, ensures compliance with the law in the activities of JSC "..." and the protection of its legal interests.

Accounting collects all documentary primary information and, based on it, maintains accounting records of economic and financial activities at the enterprise.

Planning and Economic Department collects the necessary documentary primary information on departments, as well as reports on the activities of divisions and carries out economic planning at the enterprise.

ACS department develops, maintains and develops an automated information processing system for a unified information network of the enterprise; develops software for solving production problems.

6.2 Analysis of current automation

Thus, almost all departments of JSC “...” are closely connected with each other in production and business processes. There is a continuous exchange of information between departments, which implies some information duplication (especially in the production process, when a large number of departments use information and information flows grow). The implementation of CIS should ensure the most convenient information exchange, in which once entered and recorded information can be used by all CIS subsystems to obtain the necessary reports, analyzes, and conclusions through forms that are convenient and accessible to users.

The automated accounting system at the enterprise that currently exists is built competently, but does not provide information reflection in real time - with continuous accounting. Maintenance of individual areas of accounting is carried out in specialized blocks of the automated system, and if necessary, information is combined into one block. Financial information is processed only at the close of the previous period, which complicates the operational analysis of financial and economic activities.

CJSC “...” has an automated management system implemented as a set of functional subsystems that solve the main tasks of accounting for the movement of raw materials and materials, production and sales of products, sales of other goods and materials, settlements with suppliers and recipients, payroll calculation, calculation of planned and actual costs and wholesale selling prices, accounting for transport services, etc.

Each of the subsystems has its own database and is implemented on one or more computers that are not actually connected to each other. Information exchange is carried out via a floppy disk. Subsystem databases are autonomous; there is no unified system of classification and coding of information, which excludes operational exchange between subsystems.

Information is collected using floppy disks. The lack of communication channels and a unified information base significantly reduces the efficiency of obtaining information necessary for making management decisions.

The automated workplace software was developed on the Progress and FoxPro DBMS and operates in the DOS operating environment. At the same time, the rapid development of information technology dictates the need to switch to modern technology for using a computer park and a multi-user information processing system. All computers of JSC "..." must be combined into a single, local computer network, which will provide the possibility of complete integration of information. The LAN will make it possible to unite all production and administrative buildings into a single information system.

The most promising technology for multi-user information processing is the “client-server” technology, which has become a standard in the construction of accounting information processing systems in the West and is proposed for use in the construction of the CIS of JSC “...”. The use of client-server technology significantly increases the reliability, performance and stability of the system, especially when a significant number of users work with large information databases.

It is proposed to use the Windows network operating system as a network platform (on the server - Windows 2000 Advanced Server, on workstations - Windows 98, 2000) - a powerful, convenient and simple system for solving a wide variety of problems, created by the world leader in software development - by Microsoft Corporation. The system is easy to use, flexible in configuration, contains tools for working in corporate networks and the Internet, and meets all modern requirements for computer systems. It is proposed to use Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 (hereinafter Microsoft SQL Server 2000, which showed higher performance on Xeon processors) as a database server. As client applications, the 1C: Enterprise for SQL program, release 15. (Later releases of the program showed instability; at the moment there is release 20, but the program has not yet passed the test period of operation).

An analysis of the existing computer park showed that most of the equipment used meets the technical specifications and meets today's requirements, with the exception of a small number. The Main server already uses the proposed operating system; the server configuration allows us to talk about the appropriate performance and reliability of the system, as well as the technical “reserve” for the implementation of CIS. But, taking into account the rapidly growing number of system users and increasing load on the database, it is recommended in the future to move the database to a separate “database server” (the SQL database is stored), connected to the “Main server” by an ultra-high-speed network. This will allow you to use the “Main Server” as a terminal server (when the program will run on the server and users will only see the program image), thereby increasing the performance of the CIS and using less powerful (inexpensive) workstations. From the point of view of the security of the future system, it is recommended to allocate a “file server”: a server for archival copies of employee documents, e-mail, a “mirror” of archival copies of the CIS database.

There is an insufficient amount of equipment in the areas, as well as a complete lack of related computers taking into account the production unit necessary for the full implementation of the CIS.

In connection with the above analysis, it is necessary to carry out work to modernize the computer park in terms of completely replacing outdated models 386,486, Pentium I series, as well as replacing monitors that do not provide a high-resolution screen mode for working with CIS 1C: “ITRP”. The requirements for new equipment for additional jobs will be drawn up after a detailed examination of the accounting area, as an appendix to the corresponding Technical Specifications.

Analysis of the local network of JSC "..." showed that the network is in satisfactory condition. Network bandwidth 100 MB. There are free slots on the switches for further development of the network in the near future. The bottleneck is the connection between the main switch (svitch) and the expedition, the distance between points is ~200 meters. This section is implemented using an additional switch, located in the middle, in the area of the raw material acceptance point, which allows for communication. The distance between switches, 100 meters, is the maximum

6.3. System composition

An analysis of the composition of automated subsystems showed that, within the framework of the designed CIS, it is advisable to expand this composition somewhat in order to ensure full functionality of the system. The following subsystems are proposed:

Warehouse accounting of finished products (WAC)

Non-current assets (OC).

Production.

Within the framework of these subsystems, provide for the development of automated workstations KIS 1C: “ITRP”. Receivers of raw materials, supply department, department for procurement of raw materials, head of the marketing department, storekeeper of the materials warehouse, laboratory, production (CMP, Cheese-making, Drying, Butter-making), workshop and OPGP of ice cream, to ensure the full scope of accounting work in real time, and management JSC "..." - the required operational information.

One of the main tasks of the designed CIS is to assess the profitability of the enterprise; development of a financial planning mechanism.

Profitability directly depends on how control and analysis of commodity and financial flows is carried out. It is necessary to provide the ability to dynamically analyze commodity and financial flows in various aspects - by dates, by partners, cost items, sales volumes, using for this the existing procedure for maintaining operational and accounting records at the enterprise - entering primary documentation.

Accounting for the availability and movement of commodity flows, which include not only finished products, but also materials, should be traced at the batch level. In this case, the history of each batch must be fully traced, from the moment of its receipt to its complete consumption. Commodity accounting should be closely interconnected with quality control and production, since in these subsystems accounting is strictly batch-based. Currently, the company records the quality of products (laboratory) almost manually.

In order to promptly and correctly respond to any possible changes in market conditions, to obtain comprehensive and well-founded answers to the questions “what will happen if...” regarding production development, it is necessary to introduce a financial planning block into the information system, based on business accounting data. The block is intended for drawing up financial plans (budgets) of an enterprise: cash flow budget, income and expense budget, balance of settlements with suppliers, etc. Generated reports, charts and graphs will allow you to monitor the implementation of plans, compare planned and actually achieved indicators and identify the reasons for their discrepancies.

Taking into account the characteristics of the automated accounting system operating at the enterprise, the corporate information system will be based on the following:

The accounting policy determines the main accounting tasks at the enterprise, and ensuring the solution of these tasks determines the implementation of a corporate information system at the enterprise. The accounting features specified in the accounting policy must be reflected in the designed system.

The system must be unified in terms of information; it must cover not only accounting, but also production and administrative accounting.

Conventionally, the functioning of the CIS by type of accounting can be divided into 4 main areas:

1. Operational management:

– maintaining a database of contracts of various types;

– documentary system for managing mutual settlements;

– operational control of the current state of mutual settlements with counterparties in the context of primary documents of the warehouse, cash desk and bank.

2. Management accounting:

– accounting and analysis of income and expenses;

– tracking and analysis of mutual settlements;

– analysis of the movement of goods and finished products;

– analysis of debtors and creditors.

3. Accounting:

– analysis of accounting accounts;

– multi-level analytical accounting;

– balance sheet and tax reporting;

4. Production accounting:

– costs in various aspects;

– calculation of planned cost;

– actual cost of production;

– standard costs and variance analysis.

6.4 Main characteristics of the system (according to accounting areas):

Operational management accounting for production of products, performance of work and provision of services is maintained with a high degree of detail;

Accounting for warehouse stocks and movement of materials and goods, finished products;

Batch accounting of the cost of materials and goods, as well as finished products. Methods for determining cost: “LIFO”, “FIFO”, “average” (according to the accounting policy - FIFO).

Accounting for mutual settlements with suppliers in the context of individual deliveries and payments;

Accounting for the release of finished products based on standard costs;

Accounting for the use of products for own needs;

Accounting for sales of finished products and goods (“VAT on payment”);

Accounting for work performed and services provided;

Accounting for mutual settlements with customers in the context of individual shipments and payments;

Accounting for the movement of direct and indirect production costs;

Accounting for additional costs for the acquisition of inventory items, the ability to account for the sale of materials to third parties, as well as accounting for arbitrary write-offs and receipts of inventory items to reflect rare operations on the movement of inventory items has been implemented. Support for moving inventory items between storage locations and redistributing inventory items between accounting batches has also been implemented;

Calculation of the cost of finished products and services provided;

Accounting for the cost of finished products.

Flexible options for accounting for settlements with counterparties: a system for separating settlements under contracts, the ability to choose a specific strategy for paying for contracts and assigning advances; development of a mechanism for registering mutual settlements with suppliers and buyers.

7. The procedure for implementing the automation project of JSC "..."

The procedure for implementing the project and development is divided into several stages.

Pre-project survey (is an integral part of the project). This stage includes:

Initial familiarization and study of the enterprise’s operation scheme;

Studying the list and structure of the enterprise’s document flow;

Study of the current accounting policy of the enterprise;

Finding out the optimal ways to automate an enterprise, identifying accounting subsystems and the procedure for their implementation.

Drawing up technical specifications for the selected accounting subsystem (implementation stage). This stage includes:

A detailed examination of the units involved in this accounting subsystem.

Selecting the optimal accounting implementation. Comparative analysis with the computer accounting model in ITRP.

Coordination of technical specifications with department heads.

Creating a program.

Programming based on agreed and approved technical specifications.

Training department employees in the rules and methods of working with the modified ITRP system. Entering the necessary information, testing the program, trial operation. Drawing up, based on the results of testing, the corresponding protocols of compliance of the created software product with the requirements of the technical specifications and the wishes of the departments, documented in the relevant documents. Making corrections and changes to the created software product, if necessary.

Putting the created program into operation, correcting any deficiencies found ~ the commissioning period is set based on the technical specifications.

Transition to the next accounting subsystem, then according to point 2.

Note: Each subsequent stage will require more time due to corrections of the previous ones.

8. Basic system implementation plan

Warehouse accounting of finished products (GP)

Reflection of the fact of production in quantitative and total (according to planned and standard cost) terms.

Inter-shop movements of finished products

Transfer of finished products to the expedition

Maintaining price lists of finished products.

Sales of finished products to contractors. Returns.

Accounting for returnable packaging.

Sales book

Accounting reporting (41,43,40,90, D62)

Cash flow, mutual settlements with customers and suppliers, cost accounting.

Settlement with counterparties

Mutual settlements with buyers

Calculations with accountable persons

Data exchange with client-bank.

Accounting for indirect costs by department

Management reporting

Accounting reporting (50,51,71,D26, D23, D44, K62)

Supply, warehouse accounting of materials and raw materials.

Receipt of raw materials

Receipt of materials

Mutual settlements with suppliers

Transfer of raw materials to production

Transfer of materials to production

Book of purchases

Management reporting

Accounting reporting (10.60)

Quality accounting system. Laboratory.

Accounting for quality certificates (labeling date, expiration date, batch numbers, physical and chemical characteristics of finished products)

Batch accounting of cheese in two independent units of measurement (hl., kg.).

Product barcoding

Non-current assets (OC).

Nomenclature of Fixed Assets

Arrival of OS

OS commissioning

Moving OS

Depreciation calculation

Accounting reporting (01,02,04,07,08)

Production.

Standards for consumption of materials and raw materials GP

Production of semi-finished products

Moving semi-finished products in production

Release of finished products

Transfer of finished products in production

Moving materials in production

Actual consumption of raw materials and materials for production

Management reporting

Accounting and tax reporting.

Accounting reporting (76,68,90,91,99)

Regular tax reports

Tax accounting.

Accounting financial result

Planning, production budgeting.

Orders from customers

Production order

Operational production planning

Product plan

Procurement plan

ITNALEV connection: Corporate finance

Budgets

Managerial financial analysis

9. Salary and personnel

To implement salary and personnel accounting, it is advisable to use a separate 1C configuration: “Salary and Personnel”, in which the HR department will be accounted for and calculate, calculate employee salaries, with subsequent uploading of data to the 1C CIS system: “ITRP”. Work on configuration settings and commissioning will be carried out in parallel with the main implementation plan for CIS 1C: “ITRP”.

10. Economic feasibility.

The economic efficiency of the system is determined, on the one hand, by the costs associated with its installation and maintenance, and on the other hand, by the expected reduction in costs and increase in profits of the enterprise.

What do the costs consist of:

cost of equipment, machinery.
cost of the program.
setup and commissioning costs.
maintenance costs

The total cost depends on the number of jobs and many other characteristics of the enterprise.

Expected results:

Reduce losses through improved cost accounting. Theft has become a tradition at many Russian enterprises, and the introduction of a system that tracks the movement of material assets can significantly reduce the associated losses.

Reducing losses associated with dishonesty of the supplier (buyer). Tracking accounts receivable and payable, storing the history of relationships with counterparties allows for their certification. In this case, formal signs can be used, or data from the system can serve as a “cause for thought” for managers.

Reducing warehouse inventories. The introduction of production planning and material flows allows you to purchase materials that are actually necessary for production, which significantly reduces working capital frozen in the form of inventories and normalizes the operational work of the supply department. An additional effect can be achieved by reducing warehouse space.

Reducing administrative and management costs by speeding up information processing.

The implementation of the 1C: “ITRP” program according to the above points will give 80% of the expected effect of automated accounting. The main goal of introducing ITRP is to create a functional core of accounting that will close all departments into a single information system, will allow identifying and optimizing information connections between departments, and will make it possible to develop a strategy for the further development of management accounting. Using the main advantage of ITRP, flexibility of configuration, “fertile soil” will be created for the implementation of a more powerful and fully functional ERP system. However, CIS 1C: “ITRP” will have sufficient functionality to be used for a long time.

Gantt chart

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1st stage - collection of materials for design- formation of requirements, study of the design object, development and selection of a system concept option;

2nd stage - analysis of materials and generation of documentation- creation and approval of a feasibility study and technical specifications for system design based on the analysis of survey materials collected at the first stage.

Stage II - design:

1st stage - technical design, where the most rational design solutions are searched for in all aspects of development, all components of the system are created and described, and the results of the work are reflected in the technical design;

2nd stage - detailed design, during which the development and fine-tuning of programs is carried out, the adjustment of database structures, the creation of supply documentation, the installation of technical equipment and instructions for their operation, the preparation for each user of the system of extensive instructional material, issued in the form of job descriptions for specialist performers performing their professional functions using technical controls. Technical and working projects can be combined into a single document - a technical and working project.

Stage III - putting the system into operation:

1st stage - preparation for implementation- installation and commissioning of technical equipment, downloading databases and trial operation of programs, personnel training;

2nd stage - carrying out pilot tests all components of the system before transfer to commercial operation, personnel training;

Stage 3 (the final stage of creating IS and AIT) - putting into commercial operation - is formalized by acts of acceptance and delivery of work.

Stage IV - industrial operation.

In addition to daily functioning, it includes maintenance of software and the entire project, operational maintenance and database administration.

The life cycle is formed in accordance with the principle of top-down design and, as a rule, is iterative in nature: the implemented stages, starting from the earliest ones, are cyclically repeated in accordance with changes in requirements and external conditions, the introduction of restrictions, etc. At each stage of the life cycle, a certain set of documents and technical solutions is formed, and for each stage the initial documents and decisions obtained at the previous stage are used. The stage ends with checking the proposed solutions and documents for their compliance with the formulated requirements and initial conditions.

Existing cycle options determine the order of execution of stages during the development of IP and technology, as well as the criteria for transition from stage to stage. The following three cycle models are most widespread.

1. Cascade model involves moving to the next stage after complete completion of work on the previous stage.

2. Staged model with intermediate control - an iterative model of IS and AIT development with feedback cycles between stages. The advantage of this model is that inter-stage adjustments ensure less labor-intensive development compared to the waterfall model; however, the lifetime of each stage extends over the entire development period.

3. Spiral model focuses on the initial stages of life cycle: requirements analysis, specification design, preliminary and detailed design. At these stages, the feasibility of technical solutions is checked and justified by creating prototypes. Each turn of the spiral corresponds to a step-by-step model for creating a fragment or version of the IS and AIT. It clarifies the goals and characteristics of the project, determines its quality, and plans the work of the next turn of the spiral. In this way, the details of the project are deepened and consistently specified, and as a result, a reasonable option is selected, which is brought to implementation.

The most promising is the spiral life cycle model. Specialists from companies involved in the design and creation of software products note the following advantages of the spiral model:

accumulation and reuse of design solutions, design tools, models and prototypes of IS and AIT;

focus on the development and modification of systems and technologies in the process of their design;

risk and cost analysis in the process of designing systems and technologies.

The main feature of the development of IS and AIT is the concentration of complexity at the stages of pre-design survey and design and the relatively low complexity and labor intensity of subsequent stages. Moreover, unresolved issues and errors made at the analysis and design stages give rise to difficult, often insoluble problems at the implementation and operation stages and ultimately lead to the refusal to use the project materials.

Features of information technology design. Modern information technology is implemented in the conditions of designed automated information systems, where in the process of their creation the most rational methods for solving management problems and human-machine information processing technology must be linked. Therefore, let us dwell on the features of creating AIT.

When designing, automated information technology is considered in five interrelated aspects.

Technical- as a hardware-communication complex that has a specific configuration and serves for processing and transmitting information.

Programmatic and mathematical- as a set of statistical, mathematical, informationological, algorithmic and other machine-oriented models, as well as computer programs that implement them.

Methodical- as a set of means for implementing management functions in relation to an economic entity - an enterprise, association, regional economy, etc.

Organizational- as a description of document flow and regulations for the activities of the management apparatus.

Operational- as a set of technological, logical and arithmetic operations implemented automatically.

Based on the real conditions of a specific subject area, the basic requirements for AIT are formulated. We list the most common of them, characteristic of modern IS:

compliance with the principle of consistency when designing procedures for collecting and processing data; this principle involves dividing information flows into external and internal in relation to the control object, taking into account the structural and dynamic properties of the processes occurring in it, modeling direct and feedback connections with the environment;

use of decentralized funds collection and preliminary processing of data in accordance with the accepted decomposition of tasks and distribution of management functions, which is achieved using client-server technology, which allows the system to function in multitasking mode;

coverage of the main stages of the management life cycle: goal setting, development of decision-making alternatives, selection of the most rational option for management strategy, monitoring and control of decision execution;

adaptability the entire system and flexible adaptation of AIT to changes in the market environment, the ability to quickly switch to different modes of using hardware and telecommunications;

orientation of AIT towards the implementation of a unified information and logical model of the control object in combination with the necessary procedures for processing data and outputting results;

synchronization of information processing and issuance processes with decision-making processes at all levels through the use of interactive and planned (real-time) modes of operation of automated information systems;

use of paperless document flow, natural professional language for communication between a specialist and a computer, electronic signatures, computer archives and libraries, remote access to data sets;

ability to process large amounts of information in scheduled and random modes, as well as data integration in accordance with the management hierarchy;

availability of expert support, taking into account incomplete information, the possibility of obtaining forecast data.

The named properties of AIT are ensured by the use of modern highly developed hardware and software complexes, communication means and are formulated by system developers during the design process. Such user-developers belong to the class of professionals. For them, there are tools that facilitate the creation of AIT, for example, CASE technologies, which allow the construction of complex computer systems from individual standardized software modules.

Another class of users are specialists in the problem area who use software with wide technological capabilities, such as MS Office, in their activities.

Finally, the third class includes ordinary individual users who most often communicate with a computer in simplified natural language using various software products aimed at the general public.

Contents and methods of design work.The creation of automated information systems and technologies in the economy can be carried out according to two options. The first option assumes that this work is carried out by specialized companies with professional experience in the preparation of software products of a specific orientation, their sale and further support in organizations operating the supplied software tools and systems. If IS and AIT are created according to the second option, the design and creation of developments in this area are carried out by designers and programmers who are on the staff of enterprises and organizations where the transition to the use of new technical means is being carried out, new information technologies and systems are being created.

There are currently two extremes in design work. In one case, the standards for producing documentation are strictly observed, but the development time is greatly delayed, the creation of the system does not fit into the rhythm of real life and it turns out to be unviable. In another case, the ability of developers to create programs to automate the solution of individual tasks allows them to ensure the process of using developments by the end user without delays; the system begins to work, but the creation of documentation lags behind and the result is a product that is labor-intensive to operate, and its development largely depends on specialists -developers. This contradiction can be overcome if design discipline is observed.

In the process of developing automated systems, workplaces and technologies, designers face a number of problems.

It is difficult for a designer to obtain comprehensive information to assess the requirements formulated by the customer for a new system or technology.

The customer often does not have sufficient knowledge about the problems of automating data processing in a new technical environment to judge the possibility of implementing certain innovations. At the same time, the designer is faced with an excessive amount of detailed information about the problem area, which causes difficulties in modeling and formalizing the description of information processes implemented in new conditions and solving functional problems.

The specification of the designed system, due to its large volume and technical terms, is often incomprehensible to the customer, and its excessive simplification cannot satisfy the specialists creating the system.

With the help of well-known analytical methods, some of the listed problems can be resolved, but a radical solution is provided only by modern structural methods, among which the methodology of structural analysis occupies a central place.

Structural analysis usually called a method of studying a system that begins with a general overview and then goes into detail evolves, acquiring a hierarchical structure with an increasing number of levels. Structural analysis involves breaking down a system into levels of abstraction with a limited number of elements at each level. At each level, only the details essential to the system are highlighted. Data is considered in conjunction with the operations performed on it. Strict formal rules are used for recording elements of information, drawing up a system specification, and consistently approaching the final result.

The methodology of structural analysis is based on a number of general principles, some of which regulate the organization of work at the initial stages of the life cycle of the information system being created, and some are used in developing recommendations for the organization of work. The principle of decomposition and the principle of hierarchical ordering are used as two basic principles. First principle involves solving difficult problems of structuring complexes of functional tasks by breaking them down into many smaller independent tasks that are easy to understand and solve. Second principle declares that the structure of these parts is also essential for understanding with a detailed formalized description of them. The understanding of a problem increases dramatically when its parts are organized into tree-like hierarchical structures, i.e. the system can be understood and built in levels, each of which adds new details.

At the pre-design stage, a study and analysis of all the features of the design object is carried out in order to clarify the customer’s requirements, their formalized presentation and documentation. In particular, a set of conditions under which it is expected to operate the future system is identified, a description of the functions performed by the system is made, etc. At this stage, restrictions are set in the development process.

The purpose of the analysis at this stage is to transform general, unclear knowledge about the requirements for the future system into precise definitions. So, at this stage, the architecture of the system, its functions, external conditions, distribution of functions between hardware and software are determined; interfaces and distribution of functions between a person and the system; requirements for software and information components of the system, necessary hardware resources, database requirements, physical characteristics of system components, their interfaces.

The quality of further design depends decisively on the correct choice of analysis methods and the formulated requirements for the newly created technology. These methods serve to conduct study and research, develop and evaluate design solutions laid down when creating an AS, as well as to ensure cost savings and reduce the time required for designing and implementing the system.

The methods used at the stage of pre-project inspection are divided into methods for studying and analyzing the actual state of the object (technology), methods for forming a given state, methods for graphically representing the actual and given states. Let's look at these methods in more detail.

Methods for studying and analyzing the actual state of an economic object and management technologies	Methods for forming a new specified state of an economic object (TE for design)	Methods for graphical representation of actual and set states
Oral or written survey	Modeling of management process (business processes)	Block diagrams
Written survey	Structural (modular) design	Arrow and other diagrams
Observation, measurement, evaluation	Decomposition of modules, allocation of tasks	Process network diagrams
Group discussion	Analysis and modeling of information processes	Analytical tables and graphs
Task Analysis
Analysis of production, management and information processes

Methods for studying and analyzing the actual state of the economy ical object or technology. These methods allow you to identify bottlenecks in the processes under study and include oral or written surveys; written survey; observation, measurement and evaluation; group discussion; task analysis; process analysis.

Oral or written survey. An oral survey is carried out using a pre-compiled questionnaire at the specialist’s workplace with the answers recorded and allows, in the form of a simple conversation, to understand the work technology and experience of the interviewee. Psychological difficulties are easily overcome and you can begin to prepare a new solution already at the analysis stage. The disadvantage of this method is the heterogeneity of the survey results.

Written survey using a list of questions, provides complete and thorough information. If there is a sufficiently large number of questionnaires, they are processed on a computer. To improve the quality of the survey, it is advisable to introduce answer prompts “yes - no”, “small - medium - large”, etc. The clarity and unambiguity of the questions has a significant impact on the quality of the results, so developing a list of questions presupposes knowledge of the fundamental problem situation.

Observation, measurement and evaluation. Using these methods, information about parameters, characteristics and objects in the relevant field of study is collected. Parameters, characteristics and objects important for study are accurately assessed by employees and recorded on cards or forms (for example, by frequency, quantity, duration, costs). The accumulation of information and analysis of results with a sufficiently large number of observations is carried out on a computer.

Group discussion carried out by designers, programmers together with users or customers with the aim of summarizing and discussing all issues important for solving problems and identifying the necessary tasks.

Task analysis. The essence of this method is the vertical and horizontal structuring of tasks and their distribution among performers (job descriptions) based on the given structure of the object. Tasks are broken down to such an extent that it is possible to determine results, decisions, powers, algorithms, input and output information. Task analysis is the first stage and prerequisite for describing tasks, which are the basis for building a technology for obtaining results, developing job descriptions and plans for the distribution of functions when working in new technological conditions. The starting point for the analysis is the requirements for the object and its information system.

Analysis of production, management and information systems cesses used to prepare decisions regarding the reorganization of information process technology. By analyzing the problem-solving process, the necessary changes that must be made to information technology are developed. At the same time, the target settings of the tasks being solved are clarified.

Analysis of production, management and information processes should primarily cover the following: the object being examined; the purpose and result of solving management problems; components of the technological process - decisions, operations and algorithms; volume and quality of information; information processing tools; requirements for management personnel and workplace; working methods; bottlenecks, obstacles, difficulties; requirements for rational organization of the technical process.

In general, methods for studying and analyzing the actual state of management activities and existing technology for solving problems are intended to establish and evaluate processes, functions, requirements for employees, the sequence of technological operations and means of labor, duration and timing of work, and information flows. They contribute to the collection of necessary materials and the formation of the necessary initial basis for the design of IS and AIT.

Methods for forming a given state. They are based on a theoretical justification of all components and elements of the IS, based on the goals, requirements and conditions of the customer. These methods, which are working tools for designers, include methods for modeling the management process; structural design; decomposition; information process analysis.

Method for modeling the management process. In the process of studying the design object, economic-organizational and information-logical models are built, which include the tasks, structures and resources of the object. They reflect economic and management relations, as well as information flows associated with them. By presenting a combination of material and information processes, they contribute to increasing the level of organization of the object.

Information-logical models contain the necessary information about information connections between bodies and areas of management, complexes of tasks to be solved and individual tasks in unity with economic processes.

Structural (modular) design method allows you to develop a project of clearly demarcated blocks (modules), between which connections are established through input and output information, and the hierarchy of their subordination is also shown. The conditions for using this method are the division of large complexes of problems into subcomplexes and the precise designation (identification) of all links of separation and coupling. The structural design method allows you to divide the entire complex of problems into observable and analyzable subcomplexes (modules).

Decomposition method modules provides for further division of subcomplexes of tasks into separate tasks and indicators. The top-down approach to breaking down the entire set of tasks is especially convenient for developing fundamental organizational and technical solutions, making changes to them if necessary, as well as linking economic and organizational and managerial targets with specific tasks and indicators when designing.

Analysis and modeling of information processes is intended to identify and represent in each case the relationship between the result, the processing process and the data input. It is also used to analyze and form information links between the workplaces of management workers, specialists, technical personnel and information technology. For this purpose, input and output information is described, as well as an information processing algorithm in relation to each workplace. By detecting and sequentially connecting numerous chains of data processing and transmission, complex information processes are formed and the information needs of individual users are taken into account.

Methods for graphical representation of actual and specified no state provide for the use of information processing processes in the form of flowcharts, document flow charts, etc. for a visual representation. Graphic methods are an integral part of any project and are necessary for practical work, since they serve as an auxiliary tool in describing the implementation of new technologies. The most famous of them include the flowchart method, methods of arrow diagrams, network diagrams, tables of the sequence of operations of processes. The differences between the methods are expressed in the degree of their implementation on a computer, clarity, and the depth of the reflected processes.

If at the pre-design stage the features of the design object must be carefully analyzed, the requirements for the creation of IS and AIT must be clearly formulated in the technical specifications, then the design must answer the question: “How (in what way) will the system satisfy the requirements presented to it?” The task of this stage is to form a new structure of the system and the logical relationships of its elements that will function on the proposed technological platform. Design implements an iterative process of obtaining a logical model of the system along with strictly formulated goals set for it, as well as writing specifications for a physical system that satisfies these requirements. Typically the design stage is divided into two stages.

1. Creation of design solutions, design of AIS architecture, including development of the structure and interfaces of components, coordination of functions and technical requirements for components, design methods and standards, production of reporting documents.

2. Detailed (detailed) design, including the development of specifications for each component and, above all, the creation or binding of software, interfaces between components, the development of a component integration plan, and the generation of extensive instructional materials.

As a result of the design stages, a system design should be obtained that contains enough information to implement the system within the budget of the allocated resources and time.

When developing an IS and AIT project, division of labor, cooperation and communication between developers and customers is ensured. As the level of design increases, the responsibility for making design decisions increases repeatedly. To ensure high-quality implementation of the project, the stages of system development are linked to the process of organizing design work, which includes the following: development of goals, objectives and organizational principles when setting the task; formation of a fundamental design solution when developing the project concept and version of the IS and AIT; material and technical implementation of design work during the preparation and debugging of programs; testing of organizational solutions during trial operation and delivery of the IS and AIT project; use of design and organizational solutions in the operation of information systems and automated information systems.

The stages of the process of organizing and conducting design work reflect the fundamental path of development and implementation of new design solutions. This standard concept is suitable for organizing design with various forms of using labor tools, including the use of computers and design automation. This does not take into account the nature of the problems to be solved in a particular case. Based on a typical design organization concept, each stage can be refined depending on the repeating work operations. Then, for each IS and AIT project, the work to be performed is selected and compiled into a schedule. Depending on the nature and complexity of the problems being solved, it may be necessary to perform certain steps multiple times. Within the framework of work stages, it is envisaged that individual performers will be assigned responsibility for the development of tasks, project stages and programs.

In the process of organizing the design, various decisions are made that affect the dynamics and quality of work. Therefore, for each design stage, expected results and documents are defined; personal functions of the manager; decisions made by the manager; functions of the customer and developer of IS and AIT.

Coordination with work carried out in parallel over time during the selection, training, release and relocation of personnel, as well as during the preparation and implementation of investment activities and other work, is necessarily included in the content of the work stages and is reflected in the design and executive documentation.

As-built documentation relates to individual processes, areas and is developed within the framework of the entire projected AIT. The documentation includes organizational instructions for work processes, programs for workplaces, instructions for preparing documents, recommendations for the use of information, methods, decision tables, etc.

Having characterized the content of design work when creating IS and AIT, one cannot help but dwell on the currently most common methods of conducting design work.

In modern conditions, information systems, automated information systems and automated workplaces, as a rule, are not created from scratch. In the economy, automated information processing systems operate at almost all levels of management and at all economic entities - from regional government bodies, financial and credit organizations, enterprises, firms to trade organizations and service sectors. However, the transition to market relations, the increased need for timely, high-quality, operational information and its assessment as the most important resource in management processes, as well as the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, necessitate the restructuring of functioning automated information systems in the economy, the creation of information systems and AIT on a new technical and technological basis. Only new technical and technological conditions - modern AIT - will make it possible to implement a fundamentally new approach to organizing management activities of an economic object, which is so necessary in market conditions, as engineering activities, called “reengineering”.

The term "reengineering" was introduced by M. Hammer. It provides for a radical redesign of business processes to achieve sharp, spasmodic improvements in indicators of cost, quality, service, and the pace of development of firms, companies, enterprises, and organizations based on AIT. Reengineering primarily involves restructuring the economic activities of an economic entity on the basis of new information technology. At the same time, systems, their hardware, software, and information support are subject to reengineering, the redesign of which is carried out on the basis of a newly created abstract model of the original system being revised.

The search for rational design paths is carried out in the following areas: development of standard design solutions recorded in application software packages (APP), solving economic problems with subsequent linking of PPP to specific conditions of implementation and operation, development of automated design systems. Let's consider the first of the paths, i.e. Possibility of using standard design solutions included in application packages.

The following types of activities lend themselves most effectively to informatization: accounting, reference and information support for economic activities, organization of managerial work, document flow, economic and financial activities, training.

In a competitive environment, those enterprises whose business strategies are combined with information technology strategies win. Therefore, a real alternative to choosing a single package is to select a certain set of packages from different suppliers that best satisfy a particular IS function. This approach mitigates some of the problems that arise during the implementation and binding of software tools, and AIT will be more consistent with the functions of a specific domain personality.

Recently, an increasing number of banks, organizations, and enterprises prefer to buy ready-made packages and technologies, and if necessary, add their own software to them, since the development of their own IS and AIT is associated with high costs and risks. This trend has led system providers to change their previous way of going to market. As a rule, a basic system is now developed and offered, which is adapted according to the wishes of individual customers. At the same time, users are provided with consultations that help to minimize the implementation time of systems and technologies, use them most effectively, and improve the qualifications of personnel.

The situation is similar when developing IP in other areas of the economy. For example, the development of information systems for insurance activities can only be achieved by specialized organizations that summarize the practical experience of insurers, closely interact with audit organizations and have a staff of highly qualified problem solvers and programmers.

Automated design systems - the second, rapidly developing way of conducting design work. In the field of automation of IC and AIT design, a new direction has emerged over the past decade - CASE (Computer-Aided Software/System Engineering). The avalanche-like expansion of the areas of application of computers, the increasing complexity of information systems, and increasing requirements for them have led to the need to industrialize the technologies for their creation. An important direction in the development of technologies was the development of integrated tools based on the concepts of life cycle and quality management of information systems and automated information technology, which are complex technologies aimed at creating complex automated management systems and supporting their full life cycle or a number of its main stages. Further development of work in this direction led to the creation of a number of conceptually holistic options, equipped with high-level design and implementation tools, brought in quality and ease of replication to the level of software products of technological systems, which were called CASE systems or CASE technologies.

There is currently no generally accepted definition of CASE. The content of this concept is usually determined by the list of problems solved using CASE, as well as the set of methods and tools used. CASE technology represents a set of methods of analysis, design, development and support driving an IS supported by a complex of interconnected automation tools. CASE is a toolkit for system analysts, developers and programmers that allows you to automate the process of designing and developing AS, which has become firmly established in the practice of creating and maintaining IS and AIT. At the same time, CASE systems are used not only as complex technological conveyors for the production of IP and AIT, but also as a powerful tool for solving research and design problems, such as structural analysis of the subject area, specification of projects using fourth-generation programming languages, release of project documentation, testing of implementations projects, planning and control of developments, modeling of business applications in order to solve problems of operational and strategic planning and resource management, etc.

The main goal of CASE technologies is to separate the design of IS and AIT from its coding and subsequent stages of development, as well as to automate the processes of development and operation of systems as much as possible.

When using CASE technologies, the technology for conducting work at all stages of the life cycle of automated systems and technologies changes, with the greatest changes affecting the stages of analysis and design. Most modern CASE systems use structural analysis and design methodologies based on visual diagramming techniques, and graphs, diagrams, tables and diagrams are used to describe the model of the designed IS. Such methodologies provide a rigorous and visual description of the designed system, which begins with its general overview and then becomes detailed, acquiring a hierarchical structure with an increasing number of levels.

CASE technologies are successfully used to build almost all types of information systems, but they occupy a stable position in the field of ensuring the development of business and commercial information systems. The widespread use of CASE technologies is due to the widespread use of this application area, in which CASE is used not only for the development of information systems, but also to create models of systems that help commercial structures solve problems of strategic planning, financial management, determining company policies, personnel training, etc. This direction received its own name - business analysis. For example, for the fastest and most efficient development of a high-quality banking system, financiers are increasingly turning to the help of CASE technology. Providers of this technology are stepping into the shoes of financiers and are rapidly expanding the market for funds. The rapid implementation of CASE technology is also facilitated by the increasing complexity of banking systems.

CASE is not a revolution in automation of IC design, but the result of the natural evolutionary development of the entire industry of tools, previously called instrumental or technological. One of the key features is support for structural systems analysis and design methodologies.

From the very beginning, the goal of CASE technology development was to overcome the limitations of the structural design methodologies of the 1960s and 70s. (difficulty of understanding, high labor intensity and cost of use, difficulty in making changes to design specifications, etc.) due to their automation and integration of supporting tools. Thus, CASE technologies cannot be considered independent methodologies; they only develop structural methodologies and make their application more efficient through automation.

In addition to the automation of structural methodologies and, as a consequence, the possibility of using modern methods of system and software engineering, CASE technologies have the following main advantages: they improve the quality of created systems through automatic control tools; allow you to create a prototype of a future system in a short time, which makes it possible to evaluate the expected result at an early stage; speed up the system design and development process; free the developer from routine work, allowing him to concentrate entirely on the creative part of development; support the development and support of system development; support technologies for reusing development components.

Most CASE tools are based on a scientific approach called methodology/method/notation/tool. The methodology formulates guidelines for assessing and selecting a project for the developed IS, work steps and their sequence, as well as rules for the application and purpose of methods.

To date, CASE technology has developed into an independent science-intensive direction, which has led to the formation of a powerful CASE industry that unites hundreds of firms and companies of various orientations. Among them are companies that develop analysis and design tools for systems with a wide network of distribution and dealer companies; companies that develop special tools focusing on narrow subject areas or on individual stages of the system life cycle; training companies that organize seminars and training courses for specialists; consulting firms providing practical assistance in using CASE packages for the development of specific IS; companies specializing in the production of periodical magazines and newsletters on CASE technologies.