What famous events happened in October. Historical events of October. Hero of the Finnish war Mikhail Beketov

“On the placement of a selected thousand service people in Moscow and surrounding districts”,

which as a result laid the foundations of the Russian regular army.

Later, a system of recruitment for military service and organizationally centralized control of the army appeared. The following were created: the Streltsy army, the guard service, and artillery as an independent branch of the military. In parallel with this, mine explosives and handguns were actively developed.

Such actions to strengthen the Russian army led to numerous victories over the enemy.

Smolensk defense 1609 - 1611

On this day in 1609, the heroic long-term defense of Smolensk from the Polish-Lithuanian troops began.

The Smolensk fortress remained under siege for almost 2 years. The courage and heroism of its defenders did not allow the Polish army of Sigismund III to advance deep into the country, exhausting its strength.

Heroic defense of Smolensk in 1609-1611. became an event unprecedented for its time, which had a significant impact on the minds of its contemporaries.

The son of Catherine II and Peter III, heir to the Russian throne, Paul I was born on October 1 (September 20), 1754 in St. Petersburg.

According to contemporaries, Pavel received a good education. In his youth, he was close to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who actually took him away from his parents and was personally involved in his upbringing. When Catherine the Great ascended the throne and Peter III was killed, the empress began to fear Paul, because he had much more legal rights to the throne than she did. Catherine tried to prevent Paul from discussing state affairs and kept him at a distance.

Having come to power in November 1796, Paul I first tried to undo everything that his mother Catherine II had done during the 34 years of her reign.

An important legislative act of Paul is considered to be the law on the order of succession to the throne, published in 1797, which was in force in Russia until 1917.

Like his father, Emperor Paul was killed as a result of a conspiracy. His son, Emperor Alexander I, ascended the throne.

October 3, 1993 - The confrontation between the Parliament and the President in Moscow turned into an armed clash.

Are you afraid of the Russian Maidan?

In vain, you don’t remember history well, it already happened! The USSR itself became a victim of the first so-called color revolution as a result of the dispersal of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation (also known as the “Execution of the White House”, “Execution of the House of Soviets”, “Black October”, “October Uprising of 1993”, “ Decree 1400", "October Putsch", "Yeltsin's coup of 1993") - as a result of the internal political conflict in the Russian Federation from September 21 to October 4, 1993.

All regions of Russia recognized the decree as criminal. Siberia has threatened an economic blockade. A meeting of the Federation Council scheduled for October 4 was going to demand the repeal of the criminal decree and simultaneous elections of parliament and president. In addition, negotiations were held with the Patriarch to restore the status quo on September 21. The Supreme Council and then the Congress of People's Deputies removed the president from office on completely legal grounds. But the ousted president ignored all this. In response, he actually arrested (blocked) the entire Supreme Council.

On September 21, 1993, Yeltsin signed Decree No. 1400 to terminate the activities of the Supreme Council. The deputies refused to comply, declaring that Yeltsin had carried out a “coup d’etat” and that his powers were being terminated and transferred to Vice President Rutskoi.

Riot police blocked the White House, where parliament was meeting. Communications, electricity and water were cut off there. Supporters of the Supreme Council built barricades, and on September 3 they began clashing with riot police, killing 7 demonstrators and injuring dozens.

Yeltsin declared a state of emergency in Moscow. A. Rutskoi called for the seizure of the Ostankino television center in order to gain access to the airwaves. Dozens of people died during the capture of Ostankino. On the night of October 4, Yeltsin gave the order to storm the White House. In the morning the building was shelled from tanks. In total, 150 people were killed and four hundred were injured on October 3-4.

"... If we wanted, we could have stayed in the White House for a month or two. There were reserves of weapons and food. But then a civil war would have broken out.

If instead of Khasbulatov there had been a Russian, perhaps everything would have turned out differently. The Rostov riot police, who arrived in Moscow, told me:

"Two assholes are fighting for power. One is Russian, and the other is Chechen. This way we’d better support the Russians.”

Before my eyes, an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs died, he was cut down by a sniper from the Mir Hotel. They rushed there, but the shooter managed to get away; only by special signs and style of execution did they understand that this was not the handwriting of our MVD men, not the KGB men, but someone else’s. Apparently, foreign intelligence services. And the instigators were sent from the American embassy. The US wanted to stir up a civil war and ruin Russia."

October 4, 1957- The world’s first artificial Earth satellite was launched into low-Earth orbit, ushering in the space age in human history

The Russian satellite PS-1 became the first artificial celestial body launched into orbit. It was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters and a weight of 83.6 kilograms. Equipped with four pin antennas with a length of 2.4 and 2.9 meters necessary for transmitting signals. The launch vehicle of the PS-1 satellite was subsequently named the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

The PS-1 satellite spent 92 days in flight and made 1,440 revolutions around the Earth, which is approximately 60 million kilometers.

The United States of America was able to repeat the success of the USSR only on February 1, 1958, launching on the second attempt the Explorer-1 satellite, weighing 10 times less than the Soviet PS-1.

October 8, 1392 - Repose of St. Sergius, abbot of Radonezh, wonderworker of all Russia

Bartholomew (secular name) was born in 1314 into a boyar family, his father's name was Kirill and his mother's name was Maria. From an early age, the young man dreamed of devoting his life to serving the Lord. However, the parents did not want to see their son as a monk; after their death, the future Abbot of the Russian land, with his older brother Stefan, settled on a hill in a deep forest, built a wooden church with their own hands and consecrated it in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity. The elder brother soon became bored with the ascetic life, and he left, and Sergius was left completely alone. He spent all his days in prayer, and once they were heard, the abbot of one of the nearby monasteries, Mitrofan, tonsured him into monasticism. From that moment on, Sergei of Radonezh did not spend a single minute in idleness, he worked and prayed all day long, his only desire was to save his own soul, to live and die in solitude in his own forest.

A few years later, people began to settle around the church built by Sergius. Even during his earthly life, the Reverend became a great man of prayer and mourner for the Russian land.

In addition to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Sergius founded several more monasteries (the Annunciation Monastery on Kirzhach, Staro-Golutvin near Kolomna, the Vysotsky Monastery, the St. George Monastery on Klyazma), and he appointed his students as abbots of these monasteries. More than 40 monasteries were founded by his disciples: Savva (Savvino-Storozhevsky near Zvenigorod), Ferapont (Ferapontov), Kirill (Kirillo-Belozersky), Sylvester (Voskresensky Obnorsky), etc., as well as his spiritual interlocutors, such as Stefan of Perm.

On the eve of his death, St. Sergius called the brethren for the last time and addressed the words of his testament:

“Take heed to yourselves, brothers. First have the fear of God, spiritual purity and unfeigned love...”

October 11, 1783 The Russian Academy was founded in St. Petersburg by decree of Catherine II. It was created on the model of the French Academy and was not a strict academic institution in the classical sense, but rather a free society of scientists and writers, subsidized by the government.

Unlike the Academy of Sciences, which supervised the exact sciences, the task of the Russian Academy was to develop the humanities cycle, primarily the Russian language, develop spelling rules, and compile dictionaries.

The Empress appointed Ekaterina Dashkova as the head of the Russian Academy, and against her wishes. Dashkova made her first visit to the Academy accompanied by the famous mathematician Euler.

Addressing a brief speech to the professors, Dashkova assured them of her deep respect for science and, following Mikhail Lomonosov, emphasized the merits of the expressive Russian language, defining the main task of the new institution: “Let the writing of grammar and dictionary be our first exercise.”

In a short time, within six years, the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy, arranged in word derivative order” was created. For comparison, the French Academy worked on a similar work for six decades. The Empress showed keen interest in compiling the Dictionary. It included not only Russian words, but also scientific and technical terms.

In 1786, the princess presented the empress with a report on her three-year activities, from which it follows that in three years she achieved considerable success.

Before her arrival, the Academy had debts, professors did not receive salaries, there were no funds to pay for rented premises, to purchase paper, and so on.

Thanks to the efforts of the director of the Academy, the printing house acquired new fonts, the academic library was replenished with new books, a catalog of books was compiled in the library, the collections of minerals and the archive of the Academy were put in order, only young people who showed aptitude for science were retained as students at the gymnasium, the ranks of the employees were cleared of idlers.

The director obliged the academicians to publish their discoveries in domestic journals and to refrain from publishing them abroad until “until the Academy has extracted glory from them for itself through publication, and until the state has taken advantage of them.”

On October 11, 1922, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, on the basis of which the famous chervonets appeared - a bank note backed by gold and assets of the State Bank of the RSFSR

On this day, it was decided to completely eradicate private trade, during the liquidation all property was confiscated, rural kulaks were exiled to Siberia, and city store owners were deprived of political rights, many were subjected to prosecution, only collective farm markets had the right to exist.

Of course, the law banning private trade could not completely eliminate it. The shadow economy remained, in addition to this, trade “under the counter” remained - high-quality things, scarce products were all in good demand.

Later, a card system appeared, which existed from 1928 to 1935, during the Great Patriotic War and during Perestroika.

The Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy was born in Moscow, when he was four years old, his father Ivan I Danilovich Kalita died, and at the age of 9 the young prince had to fight for his reign in Vladimir. Metropolitan Alexy became the mentor and comrade-in-arms of young Dmitry; the young prince consulted with him on many political issues and trusted him with his most intimate things. Dmitry also had a good relationship with Sergei of Radonezh, and it was to him that the prince came before the Battle of Kulikovo for a blessing.

Since 1363, Dmitry Donskoy became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, and after a great fire in Moscow, the prince built a new white-stone Kremlin.

In 1380, Dmitry Donskoy, at the head of the united Russian forces, defeated the troops of Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy.

Dmitry Donskoy was a believer and a devout man; he supported Orthodox churches, made donations, and founded monasteries throughout his reign. The Grand Duke died at the age of 39 (19) on May 27, 1389 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988.

October 12 1492 - Christopher Columbus's expedition reached the island of San Salvador (official date of discovery of America)

Based on the theoretical calculations of ancient scientists about the sphericity of the Earth, Christopher Columbus compiled the shortest sea route from Europe to India. Having enlisted the support of Andalusian merchants and bankers, Columbus organized an ocean expedition. On August 3, 1492, three ships sailed from the Canary Islands, and on October 12 of the same year, the ships moored off the coast of modern America (although Columbus was sure that this was India).

There is debate in the scientific literature that Columbus was the first to discover America. It has been established that the islands and coastal areas of northern and northeastern America were visited by the Normans hundreds of years before Columbus. However, only Columbus's discoveries had world-historical significance, since only after his expedition the American lands entered the sphere of geographical ideas.

According to legend, when the Muslim army was advancing on the Byzantine Empire, a Sunday prayer for salvation was held in the Constantinople temple. The temple was crowded with people praying; suddenly the holy fool Andrew looked up and saw the Mother of God, surrounded by angels, illuminated by heavenly light, walking through the air. For a whole hour she prayed with the people, then the Mother of God took off her shiny veil and covered the people in the temple with it. After which the vision disappeared, the veil became invisible, but the grace of the Mother of God remained with the people of Constantinople.

Intercession is considered one of the main Orthodox holidays; on this day it is customary to go to church with the whole family and pray to the Most Holy Theotokos, asking her for well-being.

The peace treaty was concluded on August 23, 1905 in the American city of Portsmouth. Its signing ended the difficult and unsuccessful period for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. the document was an example of the diplomatic art demonstrated by S. Witte.

What was this agreement? The conditions of the treatise can be divided according to their content into several groups. The first of them concerned the redistribution of spheres of influence in third countries. Russia recognized the predominant interests of Japan in Korea, and pledged not to interfere with measures to establish Japanese dominance in this country.

The tsarist government also ceded to Japan its rights to lease the Kwantung Peninsula with the naval base of Port Arthur (Lushun) and the commercial port of Dalniy (Dalian) with all concessions and state property, which was a major loss in political, strategic and economic terms.

The next group of conditions related to the loss of Russian territory and property. The tsarist government gave Japan the southern part of Sakhalin (up to the 50th parallel) with the adjacent islands and all state property. The area and population of the territory annexed by Japan were not so large, but it had serious strategic and economic significance: possession of Southern Sakhalin allowed Japan to block the La Perouse Strait and made it easier to block the Tatar Strait. In addition, the island was rich in minerals. The article on Sakhalin annulled the amicable delimitation of 1875, once again putting the territorial issue in the way of good neighborly relations between the two countries.

Japan received free of charge the South Manchurian Railway between Port Arthur and Kuangchenzi Station with all its branches, rights and privileges. The total cost of direct material losses to Russia, not counting territory, exceeded 100 million gold rubles. To this should be added monetary compensation for the maintenance of prisoners of war, the amount of which was not fixed in the agreement itself, and was later determined at 46 million rubles.

In 1945, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the surrounding islands were returned to Russia.

On this day, the CPSU Central Committee granted Nikita Khrushchev's request and relieved him of his post as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Khrushchev explained the reason for this decision as follows: “Due to old age and deteriorating health.” Although in fact he was removed as a result of a conspiracy between a new generation of apparatchiks who did not want to see Khrushchev as their leader.

Khrushchev, who has been on vacation since September 30, was deliberately isolated from the center. On October 12, the Presidium met in Moscow, and on October 13, the Plenum of the Central Committee, at which it was decided to summon Khrushchev to the Kremlin, present him with a list of charges and force him to resign.

Suslov spoke on behalf of the Presidium of the Central Committee demanding Khrushchev's resignation. The list of sins presented to the First Secretary was impressive. He was accused of abandoning the collective leadership, voluntarism, administration, the collapse of agriculture, weakening the country's defense power, and establishing a new cult of personality.

In response to this, Khrushchev did not fight, but simply said: “I’m already old and tired... I did the main thing... Could anyone dream that we could tell Stalin that he doesn’t suit us and offer him to retire. There wouldn't be a wet spot left of us. Now everything is different, fear has disappeared, and the conversation is equal. This is my merit."

October 18, 1009 - By order of the Egyptian ruler Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was looted and destroyed

The construction of the Holy Sepulcher began in 325 under Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great.

In 1009, by order of the ruler of Egypt, Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was looted and destroyed; only individual fragments of the building survived, buried under heavy stone rubble.

Unfortunately, historians have never been able to recreate the full picture and reasons for what happened. Information from various sources describes the personality of Al-Hakim as a very contradictory and unbalanced ruler.

It was the destruction of the Holy Sepulcher that served as the reason for the start of the Crusades.

In 1732, a Russian expedition discovered Alaska, after which it became a possession of the Russian Empire.

In the early 19th century, Alaska generated income through the fur trade, but this was not enough for the Russian imperial family; it was obvious to them that the costs of maintaining and protecting this remote and geopolitically vulnerable territory would outweigh the potential profits.

The United States began negotiations to acquire Alaska from Russia in 1867 under President Andrew Johnson. And already on March 30, 1867, at 4 o’clock in the morning, an agreement was signed on the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States of America for $7,200,000 (11 million royal rubles).

Of course, the people of America did not want to purchase the useless territory for such a lot of money, they even called it a polar bear reserve, but when gold and rich mineral resources were discovered in Alaska, this deal was recognized as the main achievement of the administration of President Andrew Johnson.

The official ceremony of transferring Alaska took place even before the receipt of funds - October 18, 1867. On this day, in the capital of Russian settlements in North America, Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised amid an artillery salute and during a military parade of the two countries. October 18 is celebrated as Alaska Day in the United States. In the state itself, the official holiday is the day the Treaty was signed on March 30. In 1959, Alaska became the 49th state of America.

The aggravation of relations between the USSR and the USA occurred as a result of the deployment of Soviet missile weapons in Cuba. Such actions were required due to the diplomatic and economic pressure that the United States exerted on Cuba. The Soviet leadership, at the request of the Cubans, based its troops on the island, including missile forces, in order to suppress the armed aggression of the Americans.

Upon learning of this, the US government announced a naval blockade of Cuba and concentrated a 250,000-strong army on the shores of Florida. In response to this, the USSR government gave the command to put all Armed Forces on alert; anti-aircraft guns were installed in the squares of Havana, which opened fire when American aircraft overflew. On the same day, an emergency UN Security Council was created. The conflict between the USSR and the USA was resolved thanks to the diplomatic efforts of both sides.

The Soviet Union agreed to remove missile launchers from Cuba, and the United States lifted the naval blockade. In January 1963, the UN received assurances that the Caribbean (Cuban) crisis had been eliminated.

At 21:15 a group of armed people broke into the building of the Theater Center on Dubrovka, just at that time the musical “Nord-Ost” was going on, so there were more than 700 people in the building. All of them in the blink of an eye turned from spectators to hostages. Later, the Russian special services learned that the building had been captured by a detachment of Chechen militants led by Movsar Barayev and that among the occupants there were female suicide bombers hung with explosives.

The next day, at 7 pm, the Qatari TV channel Al-Jazeera showed a report where the militants, even before seizing the theater, put forward their demands - the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya. After which negotiations began, in which State Duma deputy from Chechnya Aslambek Aslakhanov, Joseph Kobzon, British journalist Mark Franchetti, and two Red Cross doctors took part. The militants flatly refused to accept food and water for the hostages, but still, on October 25 at one in the morning, they allowed a doctor into the building; he was the head of the emergency surgery and trauma department of the Center for Disaster Medicine, Leonid Roshal.

In the morning, in front of the seized building, a rally of relatives and relatives of the hostages was brewing; they demanded that the Russian government fulfill all the demands of the terrorists.

On October 26, at 5:30 a.m., three explosions and several bursts of machine gun fire were heard near the theater building; at about 6 a.m., an assault by Russian special forces using nerve gas followed. At 6.30 am, FSB officials reported that the theater and everyone in it were now under the control of the special services, and most of the terrorists had been destroyed.

The Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, one of the most revered in the Orthodox world, is now located on Mount Athos.

In the 9th century, it was kept in the city of Nicaea by a pious widow; in the same century, iconoclasts destroyed all the holy icons. Arriving at the house of this Christian woman, one of the soldiers hit the image of the Mother of God with a spear. Blood immediately flowed from the affected area. The widow was afraid of the complete destruction of the icon and promised the soldiers money for not touching the sacred image until the morning. After the soldiers left, the woman and her son took the icon to the sea and lowered it into the water. The waves carried the icon to Athos. After holding a prayer service for the gift, the monk of the Iveron Monastery, at the command of the Mother of God, who appeared to him in a dream, walked on the water, received the holy icon and placed it in the temple. The next day the icon was not found in the temple, it somehow ended up above the gates of the monastery, it was removed and taken back to the temple, but history repeated itself. After this, the Most Holy Virgin came to Saint Gabriel in a dream and expressed her will that she did not want to be kept by the monks, but wanted to be their Guardian. After this, the image was placed above the monastery gate.

October 30, 1696 - On the proposal of Peter I, the Boyar Duma adopted a resolution “Sea vessels should be...”

The lack of a regular navy in Russia contributed to the political and cultural isolation of the country and was a major obstacle to economic and social development.

The first regular fleet was the Azov Fleet; it was created during the reign of Peter I to fight the Ottoman Empire for the right to enter the waters of the Black Sea. Over four years, in Voronezh, Kozlov and other cities located along the banks of rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov, 36-gun ships “Apostle Peter” and “Apostle Paul”, four fire ships, 23 galleys, 1300 plows, sea boats and rafts were built . It was they who made up the Azov Fleet. The first victory was not long in coming, on July 29, 1696, when the Turkish fortress Azak (Azov) was taken. And it was after such a joyful event that the Boyar Duma, headed by Emperor Peter I, adopted the resolution “There will be sea vessels...”.

Joseph Stalin passed away on March 5, 1953, and on March 9 of the same year he was buried in the Mausoleum on Red Square.

Beginning in 1956, at party and production meetings, at the request of Khrushchev, complaints began to be heard that the presence of Stalin’s body in Lenin’s tomb was “incompatible with the lawlessness committed by Stalin.”

On the eve of the 20th Congress of the CPSU Party, workers of the Kirov and Nevsky Machine-Building Plants received a proposal to rebury Stalin’s remains in another place.

XXII... supported this idea and decided: “A mausoleum on Red Square, made to perpetuate the memory of Lenin.” It was decided to rebury Stalin’s remains on Red Square behind the Mausoleum.

Fearing popular outrage, the action was carried out in strict secrecy. On the night of October 31, 1961, under the pretext of a rehearsal for the parade for November 7, Red Square was cordoned off and, in the presence of countless guards, the funeral team, under the close attention of the reburial commission, carried Stalin’s remains out of the Mausoleum and buried them near the Kremlin wall.

In 1947, on August 15, India became an independent state. Naturally, the need arose to create our own national government. His daughter Indira Gandhi, who accompanied him on all important trips, became the prime minister's personal secretary. In 1960 she lost her husband. This was a heavy blow for Indira, so she withdrew from politics for some time, but within a few months Gandhi returned and became a member of the Congress Working Committee. Soon her father died, and the woman achieved the highest position in India. The best moment in Indira's career was in 1971, when she won the parliamentary elections. The last years of Gandhi's reign were tragic for her. The operation to neutralize the extremists, carried out unsuccessfully, became the reason for her death, and in 1984, at the age of 31, two Sikhs pumped twenty bullets into Indira.

The seven billionth inhabitant of the planet was born exactly according to the calculations of the UN Population Fund in the city of Kaliningrad. The exact date of birth of the baby was recorded by UN observers and doctors delivering the baby. The “jubilee” newborn was named Peter. His parents were promised to be given a special certificate indicating that the boy had become the seven billionth inhabitant of the Earth.

525 years ago, the expedition of H. Columbus discovered the island of San Salvador (the official date of the discovery of America) (1492);
145 years ago, Russian electrical engineer A.N. Lodygin filed an application for the invention of an electric incandescent lamp (1872);
130 years ago, the premiere of P.I.’s opera took place. Tchaikovsky's "The Enchantress" at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg (1887);
120 years since the first football match was held in Russia (October 24, 1897);
95 years ago, the book and magazine publishing house “Young Guard” was created in Moscow (1922);
60 years ago, the film “The Cranes Are Flying” (1957) directed by M. Kalatozov was released on the screens of the country. At the Cannes Film Festival in 1958, the film was awarded the Palme d'Or;
60 years ago, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched in our country (October 4, 1957);

October 1, 2017 is International Music Day. Established in 1975 by decision of UNESCO. One of the initiators of the establishment of International Music Day is composer Dmitry Shostakovich.

October 1, 2017 - International Day of Older Persons. It was proclaimed at the 45th session of the UN General Assembly on December 14, 1990, celebrated since October 1, 1991.

October 1, 2017 - 105 years since the birth of L.N. Gumilev (1912-1992), Russian historian-ethnologist, geographer, writer;

October 2, 2017 - International Day of Non-Violence. Established by a resolution of the UN General Assembly of June 15, 2007. The date was not chosen by chance: on October 2, 1869, Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement and the founder of the philosophy of non-violence, was born. According to the UN resolution, the International Day serves as an additional occasion to “promote non-violence, including through educational and public awareness activities.”

October 2, 2017 - World Architecture Day (first Monday in October). This holiday was established by the International Union of Architects.

October 3-9, 2017 - International Writing Week. Held annually during the week on which World Post Day falls.

October 4, 2017 - 170 years since the birth of Louis Henri Boussenard (1847-1911), French writer;

October 4, 2017 - Day of the beginning of the space age of mankind (since 1967 by decision of the International Astronautical Federation).

October 7, 2017 - 65 years old Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (1952), President of the Russian Federation, statesman;

October 8, 2017 - Day of Agricultural and Processing Industry Workers (second Sunday of October, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 31, 1999 No. 679).

October 12, 2017 - 105 years since the birth of L.N. Koshkin (1912-1992), Soviet engineer-inventor;

October 14, 2017 - 275 years since the birth of Ya.B. Knyazhnin (1742-1791), Russian playwright, poet;

October 14, 2017 - World Egg Day. In 1996, at a conference in Vienna, the International Egg Commission announced that the world egg holiday would be celebrated on the second Friday of October.

October 15, 2017 is World Handwashing Day. Celebrated at the initiative of the UN Children's Fund.

October 19, 2017 - Day of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. All-Russian Lyceum Student Day. This holiday owes its appearance to an educational institution - on October 19, 1811, the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum opened, where Alexander Pushkin and many other people who glorified Russia were educated.

October 21, 2017 - Apple Day (or the weekend closest to this date). In the UK, this event was first organized in 1990, on the initiative of one of the charitable organizations. Although the holiday is called “Apple Day,” it is dedicated not only to apples, but to all orchards, as well as local island attractions.

October 22, 2017 - White Crane Festival. A holiday of poetry and memory of those who fell on the battlefields in all wars. Appeared on the initiative of the poet Rasul Gamzatov.

October 23, 2017 - International School Library Day (fourth Monday of October).

October 24, 2017 - 385 years since the birth of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), Dutch naturalist;

October 24, 2017 - 135 years since the birth of Imre Kalman (1882-1953), Hungarian composer;

October 25, 2017 - International Women's Day for Peace (since 1980 by decision of the International Democratic Federation of Women).

October 26, 2017 - 175 years since the birth of V.V. Vereshchagin (1842-1904), Russian painter, writer;

October 27, 2017 - 235 years since the birth of Niccolo Paganini (1782-1840), Italian composer, violinist;

October 28, 2017 is International Animation Day. Established on the initiative of the French branch of the International Animated Film Association in 2002 in honor of the 110th anniversary of the public presentation of the first animation technology.

October 31, 2017 - 385 years since the birth of John Vermeer (Vermeer) of Delphi (1632-1675), Dutch artist;

October 31, 2017 - 180 years since the birth of Louis Jacolliot (1837-1890), French writer and traveler;

Historical events in October

1633 — Patriarch Filaret died. In the world his name was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, and he was the father of the first Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty.

1392 - died Sergius of Radonezh . The famous Russian writer Boris Zaitsev said about him: “His calm, pure and holy life filled almost a century. Entering it as a modest boy Bartholomew, he left as one of the greatest glories of Russia.”

1853 - Beginning of the Crimean War. With the light Hand of the public opinion of that time, defeat in this war became a symbol of the backwardness of Nicholas Russia and was considered a terrible shame. Maybe that's true, but not entirely. In the Crimean War, Russia fought with three powers.

1791 — Russia has lost one of its most brilliant sons —
Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin, Prince of Tauride.

1698 - the wife of Peter I, Tsarina Evdokia, was imprisoned in a monastery without guilt. Usually, historians cite the stupidity of our heroine as the main reason for the discord between Evdokia and Peter.

1977 - The Soviet Union adopted a new, so-called Brezhnev Constitution. Nowadays the Constitution is redrawn twice a decade, but back then this was a big and rare thing.

1922 - with the commissioning of the first turbine of the Petrograd CHPP “Red October”, the implementation of the GOELRO plan began

1888 - was born Nikolai Bukharin , "the party's golden child."

1932 - the Dnieper hydroelectric station was launched, which became a symbol of Stalin’s industrialization. It was built by the whole world - professional builders, foreign specialists, peasants who fled to the construction sites of famine and collective farms, and simply prisoners. Thus, in miniature, this construction truly depicted the entire life of the country.

1760 - Russian troops entered Berlin. They did this for the simple reason that the so-called Seven Years' War was going on, and the Russian army, having defeated its enemy, the Prussian king Frederick the Great, quite naturally occupied his capital. They say that Frederick, whose army was then considered the best in Europe, almost hanged himself out of frustration.

1812 - The Russian army fought with the French at Maloyaroslavets. Napoleon wanted to break through Maloyaroslavets onto the road that ran through territories that were not yet devastated, and Kutuzov wanted to push him back onto the devastated, old Smolenskaya. As a result, Napoleon took Maloyaroslavets (although in this case he was almost captured by the Cossacks), from a formal point of view, that is, he won the battle, but did not dare to fight his way further, left the city and turned to the ill-fated old Smolenskaya, which destroyed him. It was about such cases that it was said: “Napoleon suffered victories.”

1919 - a turning point began in the course of the entire Civil War Battle of Kromy near Orel. Oryol, occupied by Denikin’s troops a day earlier, could have become the springboard for the final push towards Moscow, or it could have been their last achievement in the entire war. On October 14, the Estonian Red Rifles carried out the second option.

1552 - troops Ivan the Terrible took Kazan.

1969 - for the first time in the world, space welding was carried out in orbit during the flight of the Soyuz spacecraft, piloted by Shonin and Kubasov. So it’s always like this: first we don’t finish something, then we fix it for the first time in the world under the most difficult conditions...

1905 - Nicholas II, out of fear before the rise of the popular movement caused by the shameful defeat in the Japanese war, issued a Manifesto “On improving public order” , who proclaimed political freedoms and the creation of a parliament - the State Duma, limiting the power of the tsar. The Manifesto went down in history as the Manifesto on the Constitution. There was much less good from this than noise.

1698 - in Moscow, on Red Square, on the fifth day, a terrible action took place - the archers were executed.

1811 - open Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum . This for Pushkin, perhaps the most important date in his life, received immortality in the memory of Russia thanks to one of the best poems ever written in Russian - Pushkin’s “October 19, 1824”.

1894 - Russian Emperor Alexander III died . During his lifetime, this man was called the Peacemaker because his reign was probably the only period in Russian history when Russia did not wage any wars.

1721 — Peter I became emperor . And Russia began to be called an empire.

1612 — the zemstvo militia of Prince Pozharsky and the Cossack army of Prince Trubetskoy burst into Kitai-Gorod.

1795 - Decembrist Matvey Muravyov - Apostle - was born. Actually, there were two Muravyovs - Apostles, Matvey and Sergei, and they were brothers.

1702 — during the Great Northern War, Russian troops occupied the Swedish fortress of Noteburg, which once, when it was still a Russian city (until 1323 (!)), was called Oreshk.

1922 — The Red Army entered Vladivostok, the last major city remaining in the hands of the whites at that time. So we can say that on this day the Civil War ended. This prompted Vladimir Ilyich to make an immortal but completely accurate remark: “Vladivostok is a distant city, but ours.”

1973 — Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny, Marshal of the Soviet Union, once a tsarist front-line sergeant, died.

1114 - according to legend, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, the Monk Nestor, died. He is called “the most ancient Russian chronicler”; it is he who is credited with the authorship of the first Russian chronicle collection. This chronicle is commonly called "The Tale of Bygone Years" .

1708 - the city of Mogilev was conquered by the Swedes during the great campaign against Russia, launched Charles XII .

1768 - introduction of smallpox vaccination in Russia. Catherine II set an example by being the first to vaccinate her son Paul. However, it must be said that she never loved or pitied him, and after the death of Peter III she was completely afraid. So her impulse is not as leafy as it might seem.

1991 - on this day the memory of the victims of political repression is celebrated. They have been celebrating it for ten years now, but the victims themselves still haven’t counted it. The numbers are the most fantastic. If you look at it, it looks like the Red Terror killed 2-3 million people, comrade Stalin - about the same. The famine after collectivization killed at least 5 million people, but this was not entirely political repression. We are talking here, of course, only about the dead; the number of those who served time in the camps and returned is much larger.

1991 — The V Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR approved a new National flag of Russia - white-blue-red. More precisely, white - azure - red. It's worth looking into this issue. Even Vladimir Dal once wrote: “All the peoples of Europe know their colors, suits, paints. We don’t know them and confuse them, raising multi-colored flags at random.”

3.10.2015

October 1, 1550 -Ivan the Terrible laid the foundations of the Russian regular army

Ivan Vasilyevich later received a serial number -IVand nickname - Terrible, issued a decree:« On the placement of a selected thousand service people in Moscow and surrounding districts » , which as a result laid the foundations of the Russian regular army.

Such actions to strengthen the Russian army led to numerous victories over the enemy.

October 1, 1754 - Paul was bornI

Catherine's sonIIand PetraIII, heir to the Russian throne PavelIborn October 1 (September 20), 1754 in St. Petersburg.

According to contemporaries, Pavel received a good education. In his youth, he was close to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who actually took him away from his parents and was personally involved in his upbringing. When Catherine the Great ascended the throne, and PeterIIIwas killed, the empress began to fear Paul, because he had much more legal rights to the throne than she did. Catherine tried to prevent Paul from discussing state affairs and kept him at a distance.

Having come to power in November 1796, PaulIthe first thing he did was try to undo everything that his mother Catherine had done during the 34 years of her reignII.

An important legislative act of Paul is considered to be the law on the order of succession to the throne, published in 1797, which was in force in Russia until 1917.

Like his father, Emperor Paul was killed as a result of a conspiracy. His son, Emperor Alexander, ascended the throneI.

October 3, 1903 -The confrontation between Parliament and the President in Moscow turned into an armed conflict

On September 21, 1993, Russian Presidential Decree 1400 was published“On stage-by-stage constitutional reform in the Russian Federation” . Its essence is that the president usurped the highest power in the country, dispersing the Supreme Council and eliminating the Constitution.

The crisis was the result of a confrontation between two political forces: on the one hand, the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and the government headed by Viktor Chernomyrdin and a small part of the deputies of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation - supporters of the president, and on the other hand -opponents of the political and socio-economic course of the President of the Government: Vice President Alexander Rutsky, the bulk of the deputies of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation led by Ruslan Khasbulatov, the majority of which was the Russian Unity bloc

Political infighting between President Yeltsin and the Supreme Council led by Khasbulatov lasted throughout 1993. At this time, the Kremlin was working on a new Constitution, since the old one, according to the president, was slowing down reforms. The new Constitution gave enormous rights to the president and nullified the rights of parliament.

Charter to “butt heads” with deputies, on September 21, 1993, Yeltsin signed Decree No. 1400 to terminate the activities of the Supreme Council. The deputies refused to comply, declaring that Yeltsin had carried out a “coup d’etat” and that his powers were being terminated and transferred to Vice President Rutskoi.

An interview was published in the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaperAndrei DUNAEV, until the summer of 1993, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, supporter of the Supreme Council:

“... If we wanted, we could have stayed in the White House for a month or two. There were stocks of weapons and food. But then civil war would break out. If instead of Khasbulatov there had been a Russian, perhaps everything would have turned out differently. The Rostov riot police, who arrived in Moscow, told me: “Two m...kas are fighting for power. One is Russian, and the other is Chechen. So it’s better to support the Russian .

... Before my eyes, an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs died, he was mowed down by a sniper from the Mir Hotel. They rushed there, but the shooter managed to get away; only by special signs and style of execution did they understand that this was not the handwriting of our MVD men, not the KGB men, but someone else’s. Apparently, foreign intelligence services. And the instigators were sent from the American embassy. The United States wanted to stir up a civil war and ruin Russia.”

October 4, 1957 - The world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched into low-Earth orbit, ushering in the space age in human history.

The Russian satellite PS-1 became the first artificial celestial body, launched into orbit. He representedyourselfa ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters and a weight of 83.6 kilograms. Equippedfour pin antennas with a length of 2.4 and 2.9 meters necessary for transmitting signals. The launch vehicle of the PS-1 satellite was subsequently named the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

The PS-1 satellite spent 92 days in flight and made 1,440 revolutions around the Earth, which is approximately 60 million kilometers.

The United States of America was able to repeat the success of the USSR only1st of February 1958 , launching on the second attempt the Explorer-1 satellite, weighing 10 times less than the Soviet PS-1.

October 8, 1392 - Repose of St. Sergius, abbot of Radonezh, wonderworker of all Russia

A few years later, people began to settle around the church built by Sergius. Even during his earthly life, the Reverend became a great man of prayer and mourner for the Russian land.

In addition to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Sergius founded several more monasteries (Blagoveshchenskymonastery on Kirzhach, Staro-Golutvin near Kolomna, Vysotsky Monastery, Georgievsky on Klyazma), all these monasteries he appointed as abbots of his students. More than 40 monasteries were founded by himstudents: Savva (Savvino-Storozhevsky near Zvenigorod), Ferapont (Ferapontov), Kirill (Kirillo-Belozersky), Sylvester (Voskresensky Obnorsky), etc., as well as his spiritual interlocutors, such as Stefan of Perm.

On the eve of his death, St. Sergius called the brethren for the last time and addressed the words of his testament:

“Take heed to yourselves, brothers. First have the fear of God, spiritual purity and unfeigned love... » .

On September 25, 1392, Sergius died.

Through30 years, 5 July1422 of the year , wereacquiredincorruptiblehispower , OhowtestifiedPachomius Logothetes . IN1919 year , intimecampaignsByautopsyrelics , powerSergiusRadonezhwere exposedautopsyVpresencespecialcommissionsWithparticipationrepresentativeschurches. RemainsSergiuswerefoundVformbones, hairAndfragmentsrudemonasticrobes, VwhichHewasburied.

20 April1946 G. powerSergiuswerereturnedChurches. INthe presenttimepowerReverendSergiusareVTrinitycathedral Trinity- Sergievalaurel.

October 11, 1931 - The USSR decided to completely eliminate private trade

On this day, it was decided to completely eradicate private trade, during the liquidationall property was confiscatedrural kulaks were exiled to Siberia,and city store owners were deprived of political rights, many were subjected to prosecution, only collective farm markets had the right to exist.

Later, a card system appeared, which existed from 1928 to 1935, during the Great Patriotic War and during Perestroika.

Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy was born in Moscow, when he was four years old, his father diedIvan I Danilovich Kalita, and at the age of 9 the young prince had to fight forhis reign in Vladimir. Metropolitan Alexy became the mentor and comrade-in-arms of young Dmitry; the young prince consulted with him on many political issues and trusted him with his most intimate things. Dmitry also had a good relationship with Sergei of Radonezh, andIt was to him that the prince came before the Battle of Kulikovo for a blessing.

Since 1363, Dmitry Donskoy became the Grand Duke of Vladimir, and after a great fire in Moscow, the prince builtnew white stone Kremlin.

In 1380, Dmitry Donskoy, at the head of the united Russian forces, defeated the troops of Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo, for which he was nicknamed Donskoy.

Dmitry Donskoy was a believer and a devout man; he supported Orthodox churches, made donations, and founded monasteries throughout his reign. The Grand Duke died at the age of 39(19) May 27, 1389 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988.

October 12, 1492 - Christopher Columbus's expedition reached the island of San Salvador (official date of discovery of America)

According to legend, when the Muslim army was advancing on the Byzantine Empire, a Sunday prayer for salvation was held in the Constantinople temple.The temple was crowded with people praying, suddenly the holy fool Andrew looked up and saw surrounded by angels, illuminated by heavenly light, The Virgin Mary walking through the air. For a whole hour she prayed with the people, then the Mother of God took off her shiny veil and covered the people in the temple with it. After which the vision disappeared, the veil became invisible, but the grace of the Mother of God remained with the people of Constantinople.

Intercession is considered one of the main Orthodox holidays; on this day it is customary to go to church with the whole family and pray to the Most Holy Theotokos, asking her for well-being.

October 14, 1905 - The Treaty of Portsmouth is signed

Peace treaty was concluded on August 231905 year in an American cityPortsmouth . Its signing ended the difficult and unsuccessful period for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. the document was an example of the diplomatic art demonstrated by S. Witte.

In 1945, the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the surrounding islands were returned to Russia.

October 14, 1964 - Khrushchev was removed from all posts

On this day, the CPSU Central Committee granted Nikita Khrushchev's request and relieved him of his post as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Khrushchev explained the reason for this decision as follows:« Due to advanced age and deteriorating health » . Although in fact he was removed as a result of a conspiracy between a new generation of apparatchiks who did not want to see Khrushchev as their leader.

Khrushchev, who has been on vacation since September 30, was deliberately isolated from the center. On October 12, a meeting took place in MoscowPresidium , and 13 - Plenum of the Central Committee at which it was decided to summon Khrushchev toKremlin , present him with a list of charges and force him to resign.

Suslov spoke on behalf of the Presidium of the Central Committee demanding Khrushchev's resignation. The list of sins presented to the First Secretary was impressive. He was accused of abandoning the collective leadership,voluntarism , administration, the collapse of agriculture, the weakening of the country's defense power, the establishment of a new cult of personality.

In response to this, Khrushchev did not fight, but simply said:« I’m already old and tired... I did the main thing... Could anyone dream that we could tell Stalin that he doesn’t suit us and invite him to resign. There wouldn't be a wet spot left of us. Now everything is different, fear has disappeared, and the conversation is equal. This is my merit » .

October 18, 1009 - By order of the Egyptian ruler Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was looted and destroyed

The construction of the Holy Sepulcher began in 325 under Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great.

In 1009, by order of the ruler of Egypt, Al-Hakim, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was looted and destroyed; only individual fragments of the building survived, buried under heavy stone rubble.

Unfortunately, historians have never been able to recreate the full picture and reasons for what happened. Information from various sources describesAl-Hakim's personality as a very contradictory and unbalanced ruler.

It was the destruction of the Holy Sepulcher that served as the reason for the start of the Crusades.

October 18, 1867 -

In 1732, a Russian expedition discovered Alaska, after which it became a possession of the Russian Empire.

The United States began negotiations to acquire Alaska from Russia in 1867 under President Andrew Johnson. And already on March 30, 1867, at 4 o’clock in the morning, an agreement on the sale of Alaska was signedand Aleutian IslandsTo the United States of America for $7,200,000 (11 million royal rubles).

Of course, the people of America did not want to acquire useless territory for such a lot of money, they even called it a polar bear reserve, but whenGold and rich mineral resources were discovered in Alaska, and the deal was hailed as a major achievement of President Andrew Johnson's administration.

The official ceremony of transferring Alaska took place even before the receipt of funds - October 18, 1867. On this day, in the capital of Russian settlements in North America, Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), the Russian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised amid an artillery salute and during a military parade of the two countries. October 18 is celebrated in the USA« Alaska Day» . In the state itself, the official holiday is the day of signing the Treaty, March 30.In 1959, Alaska became the 49th state of America.

October 22, 1962 - Beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis - confrontation between the USSR and the USA

October 23-25, 2002 - Nord-Ost.The terrorist attack on Dubrovka occurred in Moscow

At 21:15 a group of armed people broke into the building of the Theater Center on Dubrovka, just at that time the musical “Nord-Ost” was going on, so there were more than 700 people in the building. All of them in the blink of an eye turned from spectators to hostages. Later, the Russian special services learned that the building was captured by a detachment of Chechen militants led by Movsar Barayev and then, that there are terrorists among the occupiers- suicide bombers hung with explosives.

The next day, at 7 pm, the Qatari TV channel Al-Jazeera showed a report where the militants, even before seizing the theater, put forward their demands - the withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya. After which negotiations began, in which they took partState Duma deputy from Chechnya Aslambek Aslakhanov, Joseph Kobzon, British journalist Mark Franchetti, two Red Cross doctors. The militants flatly refused to accept food and water for the hostages, but still, On October 25, at one in the morning, they allowed a doctor into the building; he was the head of the emergency surgery and trauma department of the Center for Disaster Medicine, Leonid Roshal.

In the morning, in front of the seized building, a rally of relatives of the hostages was brewing, they demanded, so that the Russian government fulfills all the terrorists’ demands.

On October 7, 2002, the Moscow prosecutor's office published a list of the dead; it included 128 people: 120 Russians and 8 citizens from near and far abroad countries.

October 28, 2002 was declared a day of mourning for the victims of the terrorist attack.

October 26 -

IverskayaThe icon of the Mother of God is one of the most revered in the Orthodox world, now located on Mount Athos.

In the 9th century, it was kept in the city of Nicaea by a pious widow; in the same century, iconoclasts destroyed all the holy icons. Arriving at the house of this Christian woman, one of the soldiers hit the image of the Mother of God with a spear. Blood immediately flowed from the affected area. The widow was afraid of the complete destruction of the icon and promised the soldiers money for not touching the sacred image until the morning. After the soldiers left, the woman and her son took the icon to the sea and lowered it into the water. The waves carried the icon to Athos. After holding a prayer service for the gift, the monk of the Iversky Monasteryat the command of the Mother of God, who appeared to him in a dream, he walked on the water, took the holy icon and placed it in the temple. The next day the icon was not found in the temple, how is it- Then it ended up above the gates of the monastery, it was removed and taken back to the temple, but history repeated itself. After this, the Most Holy Virgin came to Saint Gabriel in a dream and expressed her will that she did not want to be kept by the monks, but wanted to be their Guardian. After this, the image was placed above the monastery gate.

October 301696 - On the proposal of Peter I, the Boyar Duma adopted a resolution“Sea vessels will be...”

The lack of a regular navy in Russia contributed to the political and cultural isolation of the country and was a major obstacle to economic and social development.

October 31, 1961 - On the night of October 31 to November 1, Stalin’s body was taken out of the Mausoleum

Joseph Stalin passed away on March 5, 1953, and on March 9 of the same year he was buried in the Mausoleum on Red Square.

Beginning in 1956, complaints began to be heard at party and production meetings that the presence of Stalin’s body in Lenin’s tomb was “incompatible with the lawlessness committed by Stalin.”

On the eve of the 20th Congress of the CPSU Party, workers of the Kirov and Nevsky Machine-Building Plants received a proposal to rebury Stalin’s remains in another place. XXII supported this idea and decided:“Mausoleum on Red Square, made to perpetuate the memory of Lenin” . It was decided to rebury Stalin’s remains on Red Square behind the Mausoleum.Fearing popular outrage, the action was carried out in strict secrecy. At nightOn October 31, 1961, under the pretext of a rehearsal for the parade for November 7, Red Square was cordoned off and, in the presence of countless guards, the funeral team, under the close attention of the reburial commission, carried Stalin’s remains out of the Mausoleum and buried them near the Kremlin wall.

On May 31, 2006, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed decree No. 549 “On the establishment of professional holidays and memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation,” which ordered that “Ground Forces Day” be celebrated on October 1.

The Ground Forces of the Russian Federation include the following types of troops: Motorized Rifle Troops, Tank Troops, Missile Troops and Artillery, Air Defense Troops of the Ground Forces, Special Troops. Some of these branches of the military also have their own narrowly professional day, for example: Tankman’s Day, Rocket Forces and Artillery Day, Air Defense Day, etc. However, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army considered it necessary to create, in addition to them, “Ground Forces Day” , in order to cement the military brotherhood between the various branches of infantry.

We congratulate the infantrymen with good poems by an unknown author that are circulating on the Internet.

Infantry

Who wants to walk in the dust?

It's more fun to drive in a car.

Don't lose your temper, hold on infantry,

Do not spare the boots of the government...

Well, if you're lucky, they'll give you a car,

A little dozed off, team - Get off!

Dig the wet clay again

Knead the dirt in the field with your feet.

It's hot, at least wash yourself later,

But the order is heard again -

Bury yourself deeper into the ground,

And put on a gas mask.

Like this, from dawn to dusk,

Either retreat, then advance.

Yes, the life of a soldier is not easy,

But be strong, don’t be discouraged.

Who wants to walk in the dust,

It's probably more fun for us.

We are already involved, we are infantry,

Do not spare the boots of the government...

In flight I-15

On October 1, 1933, flight tests of the I-15 aircraft designed by N. N. Polikarpov began. In 1935, the aircraft was adopted by the KA Air Force. In 1936, only 12 copies were produced.

Since 1937, the I-15 with the M-25 engine went into large production. In the 1930s, this aircraft had no equal in horizontal maneuverability (8-8.5 seconds turn time), was stable in all flight modes, easy to pilot, and had good takeoff and landing qualities. It had good repair properties and survivability. Armament - 4 PV-1 (7.62 mm machine gun) with 3000 rounds. On November 21, 1935, using the lightweight I-15 GK, pilot V.K. Kokkinaki set a world record for climbing to a height without cargo - 4,200 meters.

Further development of the I-15 was the I-15 bis and I-153 “Chaika”

I-15 (TsKB-3) - serial, 384 aircraft were produced in the USSR and 230 in Spain. I-15 bis is a model with a straight upper wing and an M-25 engine. Armament - 4x7.62 mm ShKAS (or PV-1). 2408 built. In 1936, during the civil war in Spain, it was used as a fighter, attack aircraft, and reconnaissance aircraft. He went down in history as one of the best fighters in the world of his period. Spanish Republican pilots nicknamed him Chato (snub-nosed).

Hero of the Finnish war Mikhail Beketov

On October 1, 1981, Mikhail Ivanovich Beketov, lieutenant colonel, infantryman, Hero of the Soviet Union, died.

Mikhail Ivanovich Beketov was born on December 23, 1907 in Nizhny Novgorod into a working-class family. From 1930 to 1932 - cadet, then commander of a section of the regimental school. In the army he became a communist. In September 1939, he was again drafted into the Red Army and, together with a formation formed in the city of Gorky, participated in the war with the White Finns, commanding a company.

On February 21, 1940, Beketov, while attacking a fortified area in the area of Lake Muolanyarvi with a group of 15 soldiers and sappers, overcame obstacles and wire barriers under machine-gun fire and blocked a large reinforced concrete pillbox. It was a powerful pillbox, measuring 35 by 12 meters, with three casemates, three machine-gun embrasures and a metal turret armed with a machine gun. The enemy tried to counterattack several times, but was repulsed. For this feat, Beketov received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible

On October 2, 1552, the troops of Ivan the Terrible took Kazan, and the Kazan Khanate was annexed to Russia. It was a feudal state in the Middle Volga region (1438-1552), formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde on the territory of the Kazan ulus.

Internal political strife in the Kazan Khanate was waged by two main groups - one was supporters of peaceful coexistence and trade with the neighboring Principality of Moscow, the second consisted of supporters of the policies of the Crimean Khanate and viewed its neighbors solely as a source of slaves and an object of robbery. The struggle of these groups determined the fate of the Kazan Khanate over the last 100 years of its existence. In total, the Kazan khans made about forty campaigns against Russian lands, mainly in areas near Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma, Galich and Murom. These were cannibalistic bloody and cruel raids. For example, in In August 1521, the forces of the Kazan Khan Sahib Giray made a military campaign against the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom, Klin, Meshchera and Vladimir lands and united with the army of the Crimean Khan Mehmed Giray near Kolomna. After which they besieged Moscow and forced Vasily III to sign a humiliating treaty. During this campaign, about eight hundred thousand people were taken prisoner.

After attempts to put a khan loyal to Moscow at the head of Kazan, Ivan IV undertook a series of military campaigns. The first two were not successful, and in 1552 the Russian Tsar besieged the capital of the Khanate for the third time. After the explosion of the city walls with gunpowder planted in secretly made tunnels, Kazan was taken by storm. The Kazan Khanate ceased to exist, and a significant part of the Middle Volga region was annexed to Russia. In memory of the capture of Kazan and the victory over the Kazan Khanate, by order of Ivan the Terrible, St. Basil's Cathedral was built on Red Square in Moscow.

On October 2, 1882, Boris Mikhailovich Shaposhnikov (d. 1945), an outstanding Soviet military leader and military theorist, Marshal of the Soviet Union, was born.

His professional uniqueness lay in the fact that he perfectly mastered the command and staff science of the Imperial Army, and then brought all this to the Red Army, rising to the command Olympus in it.

In 1901-1903, B. M. Shaposhnikov studied at the Moscow Alekseevsky Military School, from which he graduated 1st category and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. He began his service in the 1st Turkestan Rifle Battalion in Tashkent, and in 1903-1907 he commanded a half-company there. In 1907-1910 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. Promoted to staff captain. From August 1914, he participated in the First World War as an adjutant at the headquarters of the 14th Cavalry Division on the Western Front, showed a good knowledge of tactics, and showed personal courage. In October 1914 he was shell-shocked in the head. In January - November 1915 - assistant to the senior adjutant of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the 12th Army on the North-Western Front. In November 1915 - May 1916 - chief of staff of the Separate Combined Cossack Brigade. In September 1917, B. M. Shaposhnikov was promoted to the rank of colonel and appointed commander of the Mingrelian Grenadier Regiment.

In November 1917, at the congress of delegates of military revolutionary committees, he was elected head of the Caucasian Grenadier Division. In January - March 1918 he was in the hospital.

In March 1918, B. M. Shaposhnikov was demobilized, but after 2 months he voluntarily joined the Red Army. Since May 22, he was assistant to the head of the Operations Directorate of the Supreme Military Council headquarters. From September 7 to the end of October 1918, he was the head of the intelligence department of the Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Socialist Republic, and from October 12, 1919, he was the head of the Operations Directorate of the Field Headquarters of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic. During the Civil War, Shaposhnikov developed most of the main directives, orders, instructions for the fronts and armies. In 1921 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

After the end of the Civil War, from 1921 - 1st Assistant Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1925-1927 - commander of the troops of the Leningrad, from May 1927 - of the Moscow military districts. In 1928-1931 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1930 he joined the CPSU(b). Since July 1931 - commander of the troops of the Volga Military District. In 1932-1935 - chief, military commissar and professor at the M. V. Frunze Military Academy. In June 1937, he was part of the Special Judicial Presence, which sentenced to death M. N. Tukhachevsky, I. E. Yakir, I. P. Uborevich and others. Candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks since March 21, 1939 - Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

On May 7, 1940, Shaposhnikov was awarded the title of Marshal of the Soviet Union. In August 1940, due to health reasons, he was removed from the post of Chief of the General Staff and appointed Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR for the construction of fortified areas (UR). At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, from June 23 to July 16, 1941 - in the Evacuation Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since July 10 - member of the Supreme Command Headquarters. From July 21 to July 30, 1941 - Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Direction. On July 29, he was reappointed as Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army. With his direct participation, proposals were developed for the preparation and conduct of a counteroffensive by the Red Army in the winter of 1941-1942. He was removed from the post of Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army on May 11, 1942 after the defeat of the Crimean Front near Kerch, and was replaced in this position by A. M. Vasilevsky. From May 1942 to June 1943 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In June 1943, he was appointed head of the Military Academy of the General Staff. He died of a serious illness, not living 44 days before the Victory.

Labor reserves of the country

On October 2, 1940, a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued on the creation of State Labor Reserves

This is a system of organized, planned training of qualified labor for the leading sectors of the national economy of the USSR by training urban and rural youth in special educational institutions.
In accordance with it, a network of vocational and railway schools with a two-year training period and FZO (factory training) schools was created.
In special vocational schools the training period was 3-4 years, in art schools - 3 years. The training of personnel in the system of State Labor Reserves was supervised by the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves.

In accordance with the Decree, students were fully provided by the state (food, uniforms, dormitory, textbooks, teaching aids). The Soviet government spent over 36 billion rubles on the maintenance of educational institutions of the State Labor Reserves from October 1940 to 1950. All graduates of vocational schools, railway schools and factory training schools were considered mobilized, were required to work for four years in a row at state enterprises at the direction of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (providing them with a salary at the place of work on a general basis) and enjoyed deferments for conscription into the Red Army and Navy for a period until the expiration of the mandatory period for work in state enterprises.

In May 1941 alone, educational institutions of the State Labor Reserves graduated 250 thousand young workers for industry, construction, and railway transport. During the Great Patriotic War, vocational education institutions trained 2.48 million young skilled workers. In total, during the period 1941-1951, the training system provided the national economy of the USSR with about 6.3 million young skilled workers.

In 1959, all educational institutions that were previously part of the State Labor Reserves system and most departmental educational institutions that train workers were transformed into vocational schools with a training period of 1 to 3 years and into rural vocational schools with a training period of 1 -2 years. After 1991, all this was ruined, since the current government does not need its own labor reserves; it is closer and dearer to the migrant workers from the outside.

The absurd death of cosmonaut Varlamov

On October 2, 1980, Valentin Stepanovich Varlamov (b. 1934), a Soviet test pilot, a member of the first cosmonaut corps of the USSR, died.

Valentin Stepanovich Varlamov graduated from aviation school. Served in air defense aviation units. On April 28, 1960, he was selected to train for space flight. He trained for space flight on the Vostok spacecraft. On March 6, 1961, he was expelled from the cosmonaut corps for medical reasons: in July 1960, as a result of training, he damaged his cervical vertebrae.

After being expelled from the cosmonaut corps, he remained to work in Star City as an instructor.

Valentin Varlamov died as a result of an accident (while gluing wallpaper, he hit his temple on the bed).

Order of St. Vladimir

On October 3, 1782, Catherine II established the Order of St. Vladimir in honor of Prince Vladimir the Baptist. It was a reward for a wide range of military personnel with the rank of lieutenant colonel and above.

The first holder of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with a bow, was Lieutenant Commander D. N. Senyavin, the second - M. B. Barclay de Tolly. Order of the 3rd class. For the battle at Fidonisi, the outstanding naval commander F. F. Ushakov was awarded.

Battle of Athos

On June 19, 1807, the Battle of Athos took place between the Russian Mediterranean squadron under the command of Vice Admiral D. N. Senyavin and the Turkish fleet in the area of the Athos Peninsula in the Aegean Sea.

The Russian squadron D.N. Senyavin had 10 battleships, the Turkish squadron under the command of Kapudan Pasha Seyit Ali had 9 battleships, 5 frigates and 5 other ships. In the Battle of Athos, the Turkish fleet lost 3 battleships and 4 frigates. Although the complete destruction of the Turkish fleet could not be achieved, it ceased to exist for a long time as a serious fighting force. The Russian squadron had no losses in ships. The victory of the Russian fleet in the Battle of Athos forced Turkey to speed up the signing of a truce with Russia.

Women's "death battalions"

On June 19, 1917, at the suggestion of non-commissioned officer Maria BOCHKAREVA, the first female “death battalion” was formed in the Russian army. The appeal of the Moscow Women's Union said: “The women’s army will be the living water that will make the Russian hero wake up.”

Women's "death battalions"

In total, two female infantry “death battalions” and several teams were formed. They included more than three thousand women. One of these battalions was among the last defenders of the Provisional Government during the October Revolution in Petrograd. In January 1918, the women's battalions were formally disbanded, but many of their members continued to serve in units of the White Guard armies.

On June 19, 1933, Viktor Ivanovich PATSAYEV was born (died 1971), Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the first astronomer in the world to work outside the earth’s atmosphere.

Cosmonaut-astronomer Viktor Patsayev

On June 19, 1933, Viktor Ivanovich PATSAYEV was born (died 1971), Soviet cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, the first astronomer in the world to work outside the earth’s atmosphere.

In 1971, he flew as a research engineer on the Soyuz-11 spacecraft and the Salyut-1 orbital space station. The flight lasted 23 days 18 hours 21 minutes 43 seconds. During the descent, the Soyuz-11 descent vehicle depressurized; the crew, consisting of Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev, died.

Information exchange

If you have information about any event that corresponds to the theme of our site, and you want us to publish it, you can use the special form: