What did Kruzenshtern explore? Ivan Kruzenshtern short biography. Indefinite leave. Publishing a book, atlas

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (1770 - 1846),

Russian navigator, admiral, leader of the first Russian trip around the world.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a military sailor by training. In order to improve his maritime skills, he was sent by the Russian government to the English fleet. The ships on which Krusenstern served went to the shores of Canada, the West Indies, South America, India, and China.

In 1802, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern developed and proposed to the Russian government a project for circumnavigating the world. The project was accepted, and Krusenstern was appointed head of the expedition.
It consisted of two ships - “Nadezhda” (commander Kruzenshtern) and “Neva” (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky).
The expedition was supposed to establish contact with the Russian colonies in North America and Kamchatka, deliver the Russian embassy to Japan, and conduct scientific research.
The ships sailed from Kronstadt in August 1803. Having visited the Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands, they separated: “Nadezhda”, under the leadership of Kruzenshtern, headed to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and “Neva” to Alaska.
In August 1804, Nadezhda set sail for Japan and delivered the Russian embassy there. However, negotiations with the Japanese government failed.
After staying in Nagasaki for seven months, the ship moved towards Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern carried out hydrographic research in the Sea of ​​Japan, photographed part of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin.
From Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky the embassy headed overland to St. Petersburg, and Kruzenshtern on the Nadezhda again sailed to Sakhalin in order to study its eastern shores.
In September 1805, Nadezhda set off on its return journey. In the Chinese port of Guangzhou, the ship was again joined by the Neva.

Having bypassed Africa from the south, in June 1806 they arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition mapped numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, clarified maps of sea currents, carried out astronomical observations and collected valuable materials on the fauna, flora, and ethnography of the islands visited.

Kruzenshtern described his voyage in the book “Journey Around the World in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806.” on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

Upon his return, Kruzenshtern served as director of the Naval Cadet Corps. Published Atlas of the South Sea.

Admiral Krusenstern retired in 1842 and returned to his homeland, Estonia.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was buried in the capital of Estonia, Tallinn, in the Cathedral Lutheran Church.

A number of islands, straits, capes in the Pacific Ocean, and a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after him.
In 1869, on the centenary of his birth, a monument to I.F. Kruzenshtern was erected on the banks of the Neva, opposite the Naval Corps building. The sculpture was created by I. N. Schroeder.

The Russian training sailing ship "Kruzenshtern", named after the remarkable navigator, sailed around the world (2005), dedicated to the 200th anniversary of Kruzenshtern's historical voyage.

Ivan Krusenstern's report will briefly tell you a lot of useful information about the famous Russian navigator. Also, a message about Krusenstern can be used during preparation for a lesson.

What did Ivan Krusenstern discover?

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern, born Johann Anton (1770-1846) - famous admiral, Russian navigator and honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was born on November 8, 1770 into a noble family. At the age of 14 he became a student of the Naval Cadet Corps. In May 1787 he was promoted to midshipman. In the summer he went on his first training voyage in the Baltic Sea.

After graduating from the Naval Cadet Corps in 1788, Ivan Fedorovich took part in the Battle of Holland. In 1793, he was sent to England as a volunteer to improve his knowledge of maritime affairs. Krusenstern sailed in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Traveler Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returns to Kronstadt in 1799.

In 1802, he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which lasted from 1803 to 1806. With a large crowd of people on August 7, 1803, the expedition left Kronstadt on 2 sailing boats: “Nadezhda,” which, led by Nikolai Rezanov, headed for Japan, and “Neva,” under the command of Yuri Lisyansky. The purpose of the voyage is to explore the mouth of the Amur, to identify convenient routes and places for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet.

Off the island of Santa Catarina, the coast of Brazil, we had to make a long stop to replace the 2nd match on the Neva. Then, for the first time in history, Russian ships crossed the equator, heading south. The ships rounded Cape Horn on March 3 and dispersed in the Pacific Ocean a month later. They met in the Marquesas Islands and proceeded to the Hawaiian Islands. Then the Neva headed for Alaska, and the Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Afterwards, Ivan Fedorovich took Rezanov to Nagasaki and back to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Along the way, he described the eastern and northern shores of Terpeniya Bay.

In the summer of 1805, the navigator first approached the shores of Sakhalin. He was unable to pass between the mainland and the island, concluding that Sakhalin is not an island. In the same year, Kruzenshtern moved to Canton. In 1806 he arrived in Kronstadt.

Ivan Krusenstern's most important expeditions: discoveries

The most important expeditions carried out during the first circumnavigation of the world made a huge contribution to geographical science. Non-existent islands were erased and the position of existing ones was clarified. Discoveries of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, an inventory of some islands of Japan, the coasts of Sakhalin, part of the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka was made, he discovered and measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m, found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected data on the ebb and flow of the oceans, and also collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure. Ivan Kruzenshtern's discoveries laid the foundation for deep-sea, systematic research of the ocean.

In 1812 he published a three-volume book “A Journey Around the World...”. The navigator was appointed director of the Naval Corps in 1827, and he became a member of the Admiralty Council. Ivan Fedorovich introduced new subjects into the military educational institution and provided the library and museums with manuals. Kruzenshtern established an observatory, an officer class, and a physics office. At his request, in 1827 the Naval Corps became the Maritime Academy. Before 1836, he published the Atlas of the South Sea with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1842 he received the rank of admiral.

We hope that the message about Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern helped you learn a lot of new things about the Russian traveler. And you can leave your short story about Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern using the comment form below.

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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - biography of the famous Russian admiral

Kruzenshtern was born on November 8, 1770 into the family of the German noble family of Krusenstern (the founder of the family in Russia was Ivan’s great-grandfather, Philip Krusius), his father was a judge. When he turned 12 years old, the young man entered a church school, where he studied for two years, and after that he entered the Naval Cadet Corps. He completed his studies in 1788 due to the outbreak of the war between Russia and Sweden.

There are many interesting facts in the life of Ivan Fedorovich, for example, it is known that he went in for sports even on his ship (he exercised daily with 2-pound weights), he loved animals very much, and one of his favorites always swam with him. It was a spaniel, and they say that before each departure from the port the crew ruffled the dog’s long ears - people were convinced that after this “rite” the voyage should be successful. And in fact it was so. Also, the well-known cat Matroskin (from the cartoon “Prostokvashino”) claimed that his grandmother sailed under the command of Krusenstern, and a minute later the admiral was completely confused with Santa Claus. And also Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern - a man and a ship!

From the start of his service in the navy, he was assigned to the battleship Mstislav, on which Kruzenshtern fought in the Battle of Hogland in 1788, and a year later he proved himself in the Battle of Öland. And a year later, in 1790, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant for a number of important victories in naval battles that year.

Meanwhile in the world...

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern is born

Battle of Patras between the Russian and Ottoman Empires

The most interesting thing for you!

In 1793, Kruzenshtern, together with his future round-the-world travel partner Yuri Lisyansky, was sent to England, where he stayed for 6 years. In the service of the English King, he managed to fight with the French, visit the coasts of both American continents and Africa. During these long voyages, he carefully studied the routes, looked for access for Russian ships to East Indian waters, and looked closely at sea routes for trade with China.

Upon arrival in his homeland, in 1799, Kruzenshtern came to St. Petersburg to Alexander I and asked permission to conduct an expedition to study in more detail the routes that had been taken on English ships. But the sovereign refused to sponsor this event, delaying the first Russian trip around the world for 3 years. But in 1802, the Russian-American Company (RAC) made similar proposals, and the emperor approved the company, at the head of which he put Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, and thus he became captain of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

On August 7, 1803, two sloops “Nadezhda” (ship commander Ivan Kruzenshtern) and “Neva” (ship commander Yuri Lisyansky) sailed from Kronstadt to the applause of a crowd of mourners. After returning in 1806, Ivan Fedorovich described the progress of the expedition in detail and presented unique maps. By the way, the modern sailing frigate Nadezhda is named after the aforementioned sloop. In 1811 he was appointed inspector of the Naval Cadet Corps, and 16 years later became its director. But in this time period, Kruzenshtern created the so-called “Atlas of the South Sea,” which included many hydrographic records. The Naval Cadet Corps, during the reign of Ivan Fedorovich, received an incredible amount of new literature, the museum was significantly expanded and a number of new and relevant disciplines were introduced. He died on August 12, 1846, and was buried in Tallinn (Dome Cathedral). And 27 years later, in 1873, a monument to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was erected in St. Petersburg opposite the Naval Cadet Corps.

Four-masted training sailboat Kruzenshtern

Famous four-masted bark Kruzenshtern is currently a training sailing ship, named after the famous navigator Ivan Kruzenshtern. Based in Kaliningrad. The bark's service life is currently over 85 years.

“Kruzenshtern” was launched in 1926 in the German city of Bremen. The customer was the company of Ferdinand Lajes, it needed new ships for the Kapgornovskaya line. The barque's first name was invented by the shipowner's daughter, who named it “Padua”. In those days, there was a tradition that the names of the ships built for the Lajes company were invented by women from the shipbuilder’s family, and these names had to begin with “P”.

The Padua set off on its maiden voyage under the command of Karl Schuberg. The bark could load a cargo weighing up to 4,100 tons, with a maximum speed of 14 knots. The sailing armament consisted of 31 sails, the total area of ​​which was 3500 square meters. The total displacement of the sailing ship is 6000 tons. In the first 15 years of its existence, the barque made 17 voyages, most of which were transoceanic.

The most interesting thing for you!

The ship became the property of the USSR after the end of World War II. In 1946, the naval trophies of Germany were divided between the victorious countries, as a result of which the naval banner of the Union was raised on the ship. And immediately after this, the ship received a new name “Kruzenshtern”. And at the beginning of 1959, the barque “Kruzenshtern” had to undergo a major overhaul at one of the Russian shipyards.

During her time under the banner of the USSR, the bark carried out a number of successful explorations in the Atlantic Ocean region, while also performing another useful task, which was training young sailors. From 1972 to 1983, the Kruzenshtern regularly changed captains, of whom there were a total of 7 people. In 1983, the command of the Baltic Fleet transferred the bark to the Estrybprom company, which was engaged in fishing, so the port of Tallinn became the center of the ship’s deployment. And only in the first half of 1991, the bark “Kruzenshtern” was transferred to the engineering maritime school of the city of Kaliningrad.

Nowadays, the barque is used for educational purposes. He often takes part in various regattas, so in 1992 “Kruzenshtern” became the champion in sailing the route from Boston to Liverpool, realizing its excellent speed potential - the maximum speed reached 17.8 knots.

Bark Krusenstern: long navigation 2014

The legendary bark Kruzenshtern never stays at the pier for long. For several decades now, it has been doing difficult work, serving as a training ground for future sailors.

This year, the sailing ship made 3 large voyages, departing from Kaliningrad on December 25, 2013, and returning to the port just now, October 3, 2014. The sailing barque “Kruzenshtern” spent as many as 283 days on the sea expedition. During this time, he successfully traveled 22 thousand 652 nautical miles, visiting the ports of Germany, France, Morocco, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, and Belgium. In total, the ship visited two dozen ports in 15 countries.

During the cruises, the ship managed to visit the Olympic Sochi, and also took part in the naval parade in honor of Victory Day, held in Sevastopol.

During the 2014 navigation, more than 360 cadets from various Russian and foreign educational institutions had the opportunity to undergo training on the Kruzenshtern.

First flight: Kaliningrad-Sochi (12/25/2013-02/25/2014)

Preparations for this year's navigation began in an unusual way - with an extensive school excursion. On December 24, 2013, the day before sailing, the bark was visited by Kaliningrad sixth-graders, who were given the opportunity to study this proud ship inside and out. Well, on December 25, after the ceremonial formation at the 24th berth of the Kaliningrad sea fishing port, the sailing ship set off.

The route of the first flight is Kaliningrad-Sochi. The Kruzenshtern was supposed to be in its final port during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Well, the first port the ship entered during this navigation was the German Bremerhaven, where the cadets and the crew (almost 200 people) celebrated the New Year.

The next stop was in warm Morocco - at the port of Tangier. Here the cadets were able to relax a bit and explore a new culture through excursions to the local market, mosques and museums. Before Sochi, the ship had 2 more stops - in the Italian Bari and the Greek Patras, after which it headed for the Russian, Sochi shores.

In Sochi, the Kruzenshtern moored strictly on schedule - on the morning of February 6. Here the ship remained until February 25, fulfilling the honorable mission of the landmark, and 50 of the 113 cadets who underwent special training and received the appropriate certificates worked as volunteers at the Olympics.

With the end of the Olympic Games, the main mission of this year's Kruzenshtern was completed, and it began to carry out other tasks.

Second flight: Sochi-Sochi (26.02.2014-17.05.2014)

The second voyage took place between the ports of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, and was even more eventful with various events.

From Sochi, the bark this time went to Moroccan Agadir, then visited French Sete and arrived in Bulgarian Varna. There, Kruzenshtern attended the opening ceremony of the SCF Black Sea Tall Ships Regatta 2014, which was held for the first time in the Black Sea. In addition, the bark itself became a participant in the Black Sea STI Regatta, which was hosted for the first time by the Russian ports of Novorossiysk and Sochi. In addition to the Kruzenshtern, Russia was represented there by the Vladivostok sailing ship Nadezhda and class “A” training ships - the sailing ship Mir, as well as the world famous sailing ship Sedov. In total, 50 riders from two dozen countries took part in the race. The colorful participants were Pakistani and Dutch vessels.

During the break between the stages of the regatta, the Kruzenshtern took part in the most important event of this voyage - the festive naval parade in Sevastopol in honor of Victory Day, after which, on May 17, it returned to Sochi.

Third flight: Sochi-Kaliningrad (18.05.2014-3.10.2014)

The last third flight this year is the return of their Sochi home. During this transition, Krusenstern, like his crew with new cadets, went through both common joys and anxieties, which made the trip even more valuable for the acquisition of important maritime experience by young people.

From Sochi the sailing ship departed on May 18 for France, visiting Cannes and Le Havre. Already in July, the ship moored in the German ports of Bremerhaven and Kiel. The next port of visit was the Dutch Harlingen, after which the Kruzenstern went to the Norwegian cities of Fredrik-Stadt and Bergen.

But then, as a result of an unpleasant incident, the sailing ship suddenly became an increased object of media attention - after visiting the Danish port of Esberg, upon leaving it, the sailing giant accidentally sank the tugboat Diver Master, which subsequently, allegedly, resulted in Krusenstern’s refusal to participate in the English regatta This raid vessel was supposed to help the Russian four-masted vessel leave the waters of Esberg, but the tugboat crew failed to make ends meet in time, which is why the Kruzenshtern rolled it onto the left side and pulled it under water. The crew, fortunately, was not injured, and the port administration did not make any claims against the Russians, so the Kruzenshtern continued sailing to Rostock, Germany.

From Germany, our sailing ship moved to the Polish port of Gdynia, and then made another crossing to the British Falmouth. It was while stationed in this city, on August 29, that the Kruzenshtern cadets celebrated Vest Day. From the very morning, the ship's broadcast announced an unusual dress code - dress trousers and a vest. On this day, everyone on the ship was dressed exactly like this, there was also a ceremony, a concert and lectures regarding the history and significance of the vest in the Russian fleet.

Already on September 16, the Kruzenshtern entered the English Channel, heading to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. It was on this day that the crew received unexpected entertainment - a dumpling rush was announced. This is an old tradition of this ship, according to which the entire crew devotes one day of each autumn voyage to making dumplings. 172 people took part in the fun, and in two shifts they managed to make as many as 9,097 pieces. True, it was not possible to make a supply, since most of what was prepared was eaten that same evening.

After dumplings and a visit to Zeebrugge, the sailboat headed for the last port before returning home - the Polish port of Szczecin, which the ship entered on September 26. Here the sailors took part in the solemn wreath-laying ceremony at the memorial “To Those Who Didn’t Return from the Sea.” After a short rest, on September 28, Kruzenshtern left Szczecin.

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zkzakhar

Hello reader! In recent days, I have been haunted by thoughts about the importance of people on the planet. After all, everyone says that each of us is destined to do something, for this we were born in this world. If you imagine life as a period of time and look at it from a bird's eye view, then many people completely do not understand their purpose. Many of my friends don’t even know what they want to do, where to work, many are even too lazy to leave the house and devote several hours a day to self-development.

I find it while reading books, various articles by other bloggers, or while watching films. But in recent days I have been studying the biographies of great people. Do you know what Krusenstern discovered? This is exactly what my article will be about today.

Great people - who are they?

Why did great people become like this and what prompted them to achieve unprecedented feats? Many will ask: “What to discover, what to explore, if we already know the answers to all the questions of interest.” Maybe such phrases will find their successors, but did Bellingshausen and Lazarev know what they would discover? Or Kruzenshtern knew what he would see during his journey; by the way, it was he who glorified Russia throughout the world. These brilliant people have one thing in common: they madly loved their homeland and were ready to perform incredible deeds and discoveries for the sake of its glorification and promotion among other states. Alas, today people have completely different values.

Of course, in our country there are many geniuses, great scientists, doctors, gifted children, but for some reason many prefer to emigrate abroad. Let’s not judge anyone, where to live, with whom to live, for whom to work, this is everyone’s choice, the main thing is not to forget your land and parents. Always remember who you are...

Who is Kruzenshtern

Kruzenshtern - the biography of this man is worthy of study; he taught me to look at familiar things in a new way. He has a lot of perseverance, wisdom, determination, lack of fear and indecision, he is a man of word and deed, it is with him that I associate the word officer - a man of honor.

Few people know that it was Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern who made their native state a great maritime power.

At the end of August 46 of the nineteenth century, the world left the man through whose efforts our country became the main one in the club of great states. His name was Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his name is known to everyone, and from an early age.

The reason for this admiration is paradoxical

The real merits of the departed admiral are little discussed today, although there is enough solid literature, both purely scientific and for youth, on this topic. But all the work was blocked by a short episode of the cult animated series “Prostokvashino”. “Let me ask a question to test your education: who will Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern be?” - asked the dear postman. And Matroskin said a brilliant phrase: “I’m not exactly sure. The ship my grandmother sailed on was named after him.” Sharik summed up: “This is a great man and a steamship.”

History of the Kruzenshtern family

Many known facts from the life of the admiral need to be corrected. Thus, the most popular ship that was named after him, incorrectly called a steamship, is a four-match barque, the largest and most famous sailing ship of the twenty-first century. The name also does not quite correspond to historical realities.

From the very beginning his name was Adam Johann.

But this name was subjected to harsh Russification. Moreover, this was done by the bearer himself, because he really wanted to be a Russian by blood. And so he asked everyone around him to call him Vanya. But he didn’t even think of stopping there.

He began to be friends with Yuri Lisyansky, who was then a cadet, and Ivan, without thinking for a long time, decided to borrow his friend’s middle name. From that very moment he became Fedorovich.

The most surprising thing is that these actions did not reveal any specific “betrayal” of his family, which had Austro-German roots. His family was united by Russia, they were more friendly than it might seem, and this connection with the state only became stronger with each new generation.

The great-great-grandfather of the national hero, Philip Cruisius, became the head of the embassy in Moscow twice - the first time from Germany, the second from Sweden; in those years the embassy was detained in the capital for as much as 36 months. The admiral's grandfather, Evert Philip, lived in Russia even longer - he was captured near Narva, then he was transported to Siberia. Upon returning to his family estate near Tallinn, he saw that his land had already become part of Russia.

In other words, Russia was the only home of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. It is surprising that he considered the most pleasant praise to be an article in a Hamburg newspaper that was dedicated to his trip around the world (1803-1806). It was written there that the expedition was important not only for trade, but also for the entire Russian people.

The head of the expedition and everyone who was on the ships were Russians.

Krusenstern's first trip around the world

In those years, Kruzenshtern realized that in order to prepare for the first circumnavigation of the world, everything had to be put on the line. This business was advanced in his life, and at the same time, it raised the prestige of his beloved country. To give my readers an idea of ​​the enormity of what was happening, in those days it was roughly equivalent to owning a nuclear warhead or a personal space station in the twenty-first century.

This will allow you to instantly get on the list of the most influential people in the world, and the state will become no less elite. This phrase could be found in the European bulletin: “Russia at sea is today considered the most powerful country not only thanks to the skill of its officers, but also thanks to its numerous ships. The upcoming trip around the globe will be the first in navigation, and in general it is better that it is not carried out by the Russian people.”

What amazes and inspires me about this man is his determination and determination. If he has set a goal for himself, he will not be stopped by the poor conditions on the ship, the lack of normal food and a place to sleep. He set a real goal for himself and went towards it, doesn’t that inspire respect? His merit directly lies in the fact that he did not tear his shirt, did not throw phrases into the wind, did not perform unnecessary feats, but at the same time he did more for our country than other speakers.

To be more precise, it was this man who abolished all corporal punishment in the navy. It was this already famous sailor who pointed out to the leadership of the Naval Cadet Corps that it was necessary for children from non-noble families to undergo training. When the Patriotic War knocked on the country's door, the admiral gave almost a third of his fortune to the army.

Was there a second Columbus in Russia?

Vitus Jonassen Bering, probably many people have known this man since school. A few days ago I came across his biography on the Internet, which talked about life values, goals and methods of achieving them. The life story of this legendary man will motivate me for a long time to change the world for the better.

If we briefly describe everything we read, then at the end of the seventeenth century, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering was born, who would later lead two Kamchatka expeditions.

I wanted to ask you a question: how do you feel about foreigners? For some reason, there is an opinion that Russians often discriminate against people who come from another country, especially if they are black people. I don’t agree, this is rather a myth that was invented by those who believe that Russia still lives in the dashing 90s, everyone drives BMWs and wears leather jackets.

But even today, politicians and local officials argue about inviting foreigners to work, whether this will benefit or harm the country and its integrity. On the one hand, a different look at familiar things, new methods of work, no one will understand a Russian person like another Russian person (forgive the tautology). And it is unknown in what year such disputes began; many argue that they have been going on as long as the country itself has existed.

Today and many years ago you can meet people who say that foreigners come solely to earn more money, they will not bring any benefit. Let's not lie, there are not a few people who came to our country only for money. But at the same time, tens of thousands of foreign citizens served Russia, they are real heroes. For the sake of the state, which became a second homeland for them, many were ready to give and even gave their lives.

In the summer of 1681, Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in the small town of Horsens. This man was destined to become a domestic researcher and discoverer.

His father worked at customs, and the boy, after receiving secondary education, entered the Naval Cadet Corps. Together with his comrades, the guy dreamed of distant countries and glory. It was almost impossible to make their dreams come true in tiny little Denmark, and young sailors chose the country in which to serve.

Exemplary man

Political changes were taking place in Russia at that time, Tsar Peter the Great could be seen on the throne, he had a very positive attitude towards foreigners, and in every possible way promoted them to work in Russia, as a result they received decent salaries and better opportunities for career growth.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering made the first large expedition to the Indian shores. Upon returning from it, he met the vice-admiral of the Russian fleet, Cornelius Cruys, who was just carrying out a special mission that the tsar himself had entrusted to him.

He helped Russian youths enter European universities and at the same time was recruiting young graduates to serve in the Russian fleet. At the same moment, Kruys singled out Vitus from the crowd and invited him to go with him to Russia. The latter readily agreed.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering began to serve Russia and was given the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. The newly minted sailor proved himself on the positive side, as a result, the king paid attention to him and singled him out among everyone.

Bering was tasked with sailing the first ship under the Russian flag around from the port of the Azov Sea straight to the Baltic. Bering got married and was completely conquered by Russia; he later returned to his native Denmark, but only once for a few days to see his relatives; he was more attracted to Russia and its boundless expanses, which he so wanted to explore. New discoveries lay ahead, and Bering could not wait.

Special purpose

In those years, a peninsula in the northeastern part of Eurasia was annexed to our country. By decree of the tsar, sea communication by boats was established between Okhotsk and the western border of Kamchatka. Naval officer Vitus Bering had a dream to devote himself to research, in particular, to find an answer to the question of the existence of the Asian and American isthmus.

The health of the Russian emperor was already seriously undermined, but this did not prevent him from paying more attention to studying the remote Russian land and the territory that is on the same border with them.

Shortly before the death of the tsar, Bering was awarded the rank of captain-commander; he was appointed chief of the Far Eastern expedition. The emperor gave clear instructions - to build powerful and strong ships and find the junction of Asia and America. At the same time, members of the expedition had to explore the little-studied eastern territory.

I am sure that many people know how this story ends, and what discoveries Vitus Bering made in addition to the 2 famous Kamchatka expeditions. The stories of such people not only motivate, they force you to get off the couch and do something unusual. How long has it been since you left your comfort zone? Why not start leaving it or expanding it today by reading this article? After all, believe me, much has not yet been explored, there are many new discoveries ahead, and who knows, maybe in a few years, someone will write a blog about your discoveries that motivate millions of people. Write all your thoughts in the comments and don’t forget to subscribe. See you later!

Text— Agent Q.

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Kruzenshtern Ivan (Adam) Fedorovich (born November 19, 1770 - death August 24, 1846) Russian navigator, admiral, corresponding member, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (the voyage lasted more than 3 years), one of the founders of Russian oceanology.

He was the first to map most of the coast of Sakhalin Island. One of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Author of the Atlas of the South Sea. The following are named after him: a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, a passage between Tsushima Island and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya.

Origin. Education

The first Russian navigator to travel around the world, Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern, left a deep mark in the history of geographical discoveries. He was born in 1770 in the Estland (Estonian) province near Revel (modern Tallinn) on a family estate. His father, Johann Friedrich, and mother, Christina Frederica, were from poor nobles. When Ivan was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Naval Corps in Kronstadt. Cadet life was not easy: they lived from hand to mouth, the buildings were poorly heated, windows were broken in the bedrooms, firewood had to be carried from neighboring warehouses. Many years later, the admiral, who dreamed of a maritime future for his sons, still did not dare to send them to the Naval Corps, and they became students of the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Military service

Due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war, the graduation of cadets took place ahead of schedule. 1788 - Ivan Fedorovich was sent to the ship "Mstislav", but he, like other graduates, was not given the rank of midshipman, which was due in such cases. In his documents there was an entry: “for a midshipman.” However, he soon received a rank: the young man took part in four battles and, for his valor, became a lieutenant already in 1790.

Study in England

The brave, energetic and decisive officer was noticed. At the end of hostilities, he was sent to continue his studies in England. On English ships, Krusenstern was able to visit America, Africa, Bermuda, India and China. It was then that he came up with the idea of ​​the need for Russians to circumnavigate the world for research and exploration of trade routes for Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1800, Kruzenshtern, who received the rank of captain-lieutenant, submitted notes to the government: “On the elevation of the Russian fleet through long-distance navigation to the level of the best foreign fleets” and “On the development of colonial trade and the most profitable supply of the Russian-American colonies with everything they need.” Both notes remained unanswered, but after the palace coup, N.S. became the head of the naval department. Mordvinov, who, together with the Minister of Commerce N.P. Rumyantsev was able to obtain permission from the emperor for an expedition to organize maritime trade with China and Japan. Krusenstern was appointed commander of the expedition.

Circumnavigation

The ships for the expedition, purchased in England, were named “Neva” and “Nadezhda”. The best tools and instruments for navigation at that time were also purchased there. Kruzenshtern sailed on the Nadezhda, and his best friend and comrade-in-arms, Yu.F., was appointed captain of the Neva. Lisyansky. The total number of crews was 129 people. The team consisted of Russians, only the scientists who took part in the expedition were foreigners. The Russian ambassador N.P. was also on board the Nadezhda. Rezanov, sailing with his retinue to Japan.

1803, June 26 - the expedition left Kronstadt and headed to the shores of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. As an anti-scorbutic remedy, a large supply of the best wine was purchased on the island of Tenerife; each sailor was entitled to a bottle per day. Krusenstern personally examined the sailors. Fortunately, thanks to the efforts of the commander, scurvy was avoided on this trip.

After a month of repairs on the Brazilian island of St. Catherine, the expedition moved to Cape Horn. There, during the fog, the ships lost each other. Krusenstern went to the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky approached Easter Island and corrected Cook’s mistake in determining its geographical coordinates. The sailors met near Nukagiwa Island (Marquesas Islands).

Then the ships headed to the South Sandwich Islands, and there they separated again. Ivan Fedorovich moved non-stop to Kamchatka, and Lisyansky went to the Sandwich Islands to replenish food supplies and from there went to the Aleutian Islands.

From Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka Kruzenshtern went to Nagasaki. During this passage, the ship was caught in a terrible typhoon and almost lost its mast. In Nagasaki they were forced to stand for 6 months. The Japanese did not want to accept Rezanov; having achieved nothing, the embassy had no choice but to return to Kamchatka. The Japanese authorities did not even give permission to purchase food. True, the emperor supplied the expedition with the necessary products for two months.

On the way back, the travelers mapped the western coast of Hondo Island (Nippon), the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin. In the Kuril chain they discovered several previously unknown islands, very low and therefore dangerous for navigation. Krusenstern called them Stone Traps. Having landed the embassy, ​​Kruzenshtern continued sailing. He explored the eastern and northern coasts of Sakhalin to the mouth of the Amur, and from there he went to Macau (Aomen) to meet with Lisyansky. Having taken on board a large cargo of Chinese goods, the expedition set out on February 9, 1806, on its way back to its homeland.

On April 15, in cloudy weather, the ships separated again. Kruzenshtern made attempts to find the Neva, but all in vain. Lisyansky was not at the agreed meeting place on the island. St. Helena.

Later it turned out that the captain of the Neva decided to go to Kronstadt without stopping in the name of the glory of Russian sailors. He managed to safely complete this transition, which no other similar ship had succeeded in doing before. And delayed due to searches and entry to the island. St. Helena "Nadezhda" arrived in Kronstadt two weeks later, on August 19, 1806. While staying in Copenhagen, the Russian ship was visited by a Danish prince who wished to meet Russian sailors and listen to their stories.

1) Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich; 2) Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich

The significance of the expedition

The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific and practical importance and attracted the attention of the whole world. Russian sailors corrected the English maps, which were considered the most accurate at that time, in many points. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky discovered many new islands and excluded those that did not exist, but were marked on the maps. They made observations of the temperature of the deep layers of the sea and currents.

For the first time in history, professional meteorological research was carried out, which has retained its scientific significance to this day. During the entire voyage, currents, their direction and strength were studied, and ethnographic observations were made, especially valuable in relation to the Nukagivs, Kamchadals and Ainu. These materials are considered classic. In addition to geographical research, botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections were collected. Kruzenshtern's round-the-world expedition introduced not only Russia, but also world science to the mysterious Japan. In addition, for the first time, navigators traveled by sea from the European part of Russia to Kamchatka and Alaska, for which a special medal was engraved.

These works received well-deserved recognition. The leader of the expedition received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank and was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Admiralty Department.

Scientific and organizational activities

After the return of Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich worked for a long time on theoretical issues of maritime affairs and hydrographic measurements. The famous navigator tried to determine the role and place of geography in the system of sciences, was interested in its connection with physics, chemistry, philosophy and history, and sought to determine the influence of economics and commerce on geographical research and geographical discoveries. The indisputable authority in the field of geographical research, the Englishman John Barrow, took into account the opinion of Ivan Fedorovich and corresponded with him. In particular, he found out from his Russian colleague what he thought about the northwest passage.

The navigator also corresponded with Humboldt, the cartographer Espinosa and other famous scientists of that era.

The War of 1812 once again showed the naval commander’s patriotism: he donated a third of his fortune to the people’s militia. During this difficult time, Kruzenshtern turned into a diplomat, was part of the mission in London, but even here he did not cease to be interested in innovations in the field of shipbuilding, the achievements of the British fleet, and inspected the most important ports and docks.

Questions of the organization of Russian navigation continued to interest the scientist. 1815 - after the end of the Napoleonic wars, he participated in organizing the expedition of O. Kotzebue in search of the northwest passage. Later, the navigator scientist did a lot to organize other voyages, primarily for the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, which ended with the discovery of Antarctica.

Monument to I. F. Krusenstern

Indefinite leave. Publishing a book, atlas

But intense scientific activity greatly affected the captain’s health. Due to an eye disease, he was forced to apply for indefinite leave to improve his health. However, this was not the main reason: the new Minister of the Navy, the Marquis of Traverse, a mediocre and proud man, did not favor the favorite Minister of Commerce, Rumyantsev, and in every possible way interfered with his proposals to improve the fleet and activities in the field of geographical exploration.

On his estate, Kruzenshtern continued his scientific studies. He completed work on a book about a trip around the world, and submitted several notes to the Admiralty, including on the need to compile a “universal maritime atlas.” But his ideas were ignored. Only after Traverse was replaced by Admiral A.V. Moller, who understood the significance of such a publication, accepted the project. Alexander I agreed to give 2,500 rubles for the publication of Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern’s book and the atlas. After the publication of the atlas, Krusenstern was considered both in Russia and in Europe as the first hydrographer of the Pacific Ocean. The atlas itself went far beyond the scope of hydrography: together with the materials of the round-the-world expedition, it greatly contributed to the further development of earth sciences.

1827 - the famous traveler, by that time promoted to vice admiral, was the director of the Naval Corps and thus had the opportunity to correct the problems that tormented him in his youth. At the same time, he worked in many scientific institutions. With the active participation of the admiral, the Geographical Society was organized in Russia, which became one of the most powerful and authoritative in the world.

Death. Heritage

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 on his Ass estate and was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorod (Dom) Church. His work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.

The nautical scientist left behind a number of serious scientific works, including the “Atlas of the South Sea” with an explanatory text, already known to the reader. And his trip around the world was described by him in the essay “A Journey Around the World in 1803–1806.” on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. The book was republished in an abridged version in 1950.