(1) What is culture, why is it needed? (2) What is culture as a value system? (3) What is the purpose of that broad humanitarian education that has always been. An essay on the topic: what is culture, why is it needed? Culture is needed in order to

(1) What is culture, why is it needed? (2) What is culture as a value system? (3) What is the purpose of that broad humanitarian education that has always been in our tradition? (4) After all, it’s no secret that our education system, despite all its flaws, is one of the best, if not one of the best, in the world. (5) I keep repeating that the phenomenon of “Russian brains” is not biological, that it does not owe its existence to this broad humanitarian basis of our education, I repeat Einstein’s famous words that Dostoevsky gives him more than mathematics. (6) Recently someone - I don’t remember who - said: if we didn’t teach literature, there would be no rockets, no Korolev, or much else. (7) I am convinced that Russian literature, Russian culture supported us during the war: “Wait for Me” by Simonov, “In the Dugout” by Surkov, the same “Terkin” ... (8) And Shostakovich’s Seventh Symphony - it also helped Leningrad survive! (9) Russian literature is, among other things, an antidote to vulgarity and moral ugliness. (10) It is impossible for the teaching of literature to turn into “information”, for “Eugene Onegin” to be considered only as an “encyclopedia of Russian life”. (11) After all, the point of teaching is not to teach how to write as brilliantly as Pushkin, or to enjoy stylistic beauties in your free time from serious matters. (12) Literature lessons should first of all introduce high culture, a system of moral values. (13) A full life of Russian classics in school is a condition for the existence of our people, our state; this, as they say now, is a matter of national security. (14) Without reading “Onegin”, without knowing “Crime and Punishment”, “Oblomov”, “Quiet Don”, we turn into some other people. (15) What about “people”! (16) They don’t call us anything else than “the population”. (17) So we must somehow defend ourselves... Q 2. Write out the particle from sentence 7. Q 7. In the last two paragraphs, find a simple sentence with isolated circumstances expressed by participial phrases. Write his number.

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence of hidden forces in the cosmos or in man himself, understandable only to a select few. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here. (4) Some scientists, without wasting a lot of words, place the named series of studies and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies into the section of pseudo-teachings, tying to tightly block their access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without performing a special “inspection,” declare one thing a lie and another the truth. (6) Moreover, prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience. (7) It’s clear that it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experimentation, observation, and search only fuels the situation and breeds rumors and speculation. (10) We are trying, based on the new results, to “control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements.” (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “cosmic saucers”, and skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only relieve the excitement, but also explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shun the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition: ... (15) It is known that quite a few major natural scientists brought tribute to occult matters at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and therefore quite a few scientists became involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a fascination with alchemy, which has long remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the magazine “Rebus”, in which telepaths and spiritualists found refuge. (20) So great scientists found themselves captive of occult passions. (21) But would you dare call them false scientists? (22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) “Demarcation” runs along the cutting edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, simply a decent person who maintains integrity in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the ranks of false scientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has in abundance those that protect him from the temptation of cheap fame. Q 2. From sentences 2-3, write down all the animate nouns. Q 7. Which of sentences 15 -22 is related to the previous one using a pronominal adverb?

(1) I have a good attitude towards slang and all kinds of jargon. (2) Active word creation occurs in them, which a literary language cannot always afford. (3) Essentially, they are testing grounds for possible language experiments. (4) The use of slang in ordinary conversation creates a special effect and makes speech quite expressive. (5) And I even envy all these “sausage is not childish”, “stopudovo” and “atomically” (I don’t use them very much myself), because whatever one may say, speaking Russian means not only “speaking correctly”, like time The Culture channel demands from time to time, but also with pleasure, and therefore emotionally and creatively. (6) After all, slang usually sounds more emotional than literary language. (7) Sometimes slang words fill some gap in the literary language, that is, they express an important idea for which there was no separate word. (8) Such words became, for example, “get” and “hitting”. (9) They are very popular and are often found in oral communication, if only because you can’t say it more precisely in one word. (10) Not only in colloquial speech, but also in written texts, a lot of slang words are now generally used. (11) But still, I was surprised when I read the phrase “an act of terrorist lawlessness” in the Foreign Ministry statement. (12) I was struck by how easily the dull word “lawlessness”, until recently “criminal jargon”, which primarily describes the situation in the camp, crossed the boundaries of the zone and entered the official language. (13) Perhaps these examples are enough. (14) It seems that almost everyone who pays attention to their native language will have complaints about its current state - similar or, perhaps, some other (after all, we all have different tastes, including linguistic ones). Q 2. From sentence 7, write down the conjunction. Q 7. Among sentences 7 -12, find one that is connected to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and lexical repetition.

(1) Mobile communications, which until recently were considered an attribute of wealth, have now entered almost every home. (2) Everyone around is now armed with “pipes,” regardless of age and social status: schoolchildren, students, pensioners... (3) It’s not surprising, because this practically useful invention has a lot of advantages. (4) But, unfortunately, mobile phone manufacturers somehow completely lost sight of culture and in their operating instructions for a mobile phone they did not pay attention to the rules of behavior of its owner. (5) The discussion of a simple question - how to use a mobile phone in public places - has become the talk of the town. (6) Of course, talking in a cafe, on the street or in transport is normal, but only if it does not irritate others. (7) Agree, the day is ruined when you go to work, and some young man or respectable uncle tells the whole salon to his interlocutor (and at the same time to fellow travelers) in a language close to jargon, about personal problems (8) And the trill of a mobile phone in public places? (9) At a lecture or in the theater? (10) For some reason, not everyone has the tact to turn off their mobile phone during the event. (11) And how an unexpected call distracts everyone present from what, in fact, everyone gathered for! (12) When you witness telephone conversations during a performance or lecture, you involuntarily think: is someone really not aware of the rules of decency? ! (13) And cell phone ringtones! (14) It would seem, what difference does it make which nightingale sings the phone? (15) However, a person chooses a melody to stand out. (16) Often people who are very far from both musical culture and culture in general give preference to the classics. (17) There are many positive aspects to turning to the classics; the only negative is that what sounds processed for a mobile phone is very far from a work of art. (18) I would really like that, in parallel with the “mobilization” of the population, its culture grew at the same pace. Q 2. From sentences 6-7, write down all the pronouns. Q 7. Among sentences 13 -18, find one that is connected to the previous one using an adversative conjunction.

Alexander Dovzhenko (1) People working in any field are noticeably divided into three categories: those who are already within their profession, those who are strictly within its scope, and, finally, those who are much broader than their profession. (2) These latter are usually restless and ebullient people. (3) They are real creators. (4) Alexander Petrovich Dovzhenko was much broader than his profession as a film director and screenwriter. (5) Directing was only one of the faces of this amazing artist, thinker and debater. (6) He had his own thoughts for everything, which, due to Dovzhenko’s indomitable temperament, required immediate implementation. (7) Dovzhenko had a very small notebook. (8) I would give a lot now for this book. (9) There the plots of his oral and absolutely magnificent stories were written down in just one word. (10) It’s an absolute pity that they can no longer be recorded and restored. (11) They stunned listeners with unexpected plot twists and captivated them with humor and poetry. (12) I only heard three stories, but I will never forget them. (13) They will always be for me the pinnacles of verbal creativity, unfortunately lost forever, since no one else will be able to repeat Dovzhenko’s subtle intonations, the captivating Ukrainian structure of his speech and his sly humor. Q 2. From sentences 9-10, write down all the adverbs. Q 7. Among sentences 1-5, find one that is connected to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and an adjective.

(1) Problems of Russia... (2) They are discussed, heated discussions are held about what problem is central and who is to blame for it. (3) Books can be written on this topic. (4) But the layer of aggressive mood of young people, driven by all kinds of Nazi ideologists, finds only one problem. (5) A problem that was clearly formulated by a boy of about fourteen. (6) “It’s all the blacks’ fault! – he shouted on the bus, where there were immigrants from Central Asia. – (7) Tajiks, get out of Russia!” (8) Although he hardly understands what they are to blame for, and is unlikely to be able to distinguish a Tajik from a Hungarian or a Turk. (9) The Nazi theme occupied the minds of some young people from socially unprotected or disadvantaged families. (10) And there are many of these in Russia. (11) Reinforced by alcohol and the camp phrase of skinheads “Blacks, get out of Russia!” , they are capable of the lowest acts. (12) Skinheads propagate national hatred and sow the ideas of Nazism. (13) This is exactly how Nazi Germany began. (14) Hostility towards people of different skin color gives rise to hostility, conflicts and riots. (15) Racist attacks are directed at foreign diplomats, Caucasian sellers, and innocent students. (16) People are dying. (17) Does anyone really want Russia to have a reputation as a country where it is unsafe to live? (18) If we do not stop the bloody massacres today, then tomorrow we will reap a terrible harvest of hatred and anger, and Russia may lose its reputation as one of the most nationally tolerant countries. Q 2. From sentences 10 -11, write down all the pronouns. Q 7. Among 9 -14, find one that is connected using a particle and an adverb.

(1) Many roads lead to human harmony, and one of them begins in the gym. (2) A person says to himself: I can do anything. (3) I can become strong, confident, I can not be afraid of acute situations, stress, I can get rid of bad habits, I can even overcome my laziness. (4) Let's walk this road together! (5) And maybe on this path everyone will find themselves. (6) There is so much inherent in a person by nature that several lives are not enough to realize everything hidden and obvious! (7) However, many do not look into the storeroom of their abilities at all - they take what is closer, on the surface. (8) And they complain that, they say, Mother Nature has given us little, they say, you can’t jump above your head... (9) And if you try! (10) If you can overcome the fear of “heights” and try to achieve inner harmony, you will be able to significantly develop your abilities. (11) But the search for harmony will lead you to what you want only if it is not an exhausting struggle, not martyrdom, but the joy of gradual coordination, the pairing of individual parts into a single whole. (12) This is the whole human personality. (13) Systematic exercise will give you not only strong muscles, although this is a lot. (14) Training in itself is a powerful disciplinary factor. (15) A person who is sufficiently proficient in physical education is much less susceptible to the influence of bad habits, many of which prevent us from living a normal life. (16) Sport gives goodwill, love of life, and sincere affection for one’s neighbor. (17) This is how the awareness of one’s place on earth begins, the mastery of one’s own feelings and aspirations. Q 2. From sentences 15 -17, write down the active participles of the present tense. Q 7. Among sentences 1 -5, find one that is connected to the previous one using lexical repetitions.

(1) Levitan later recalled the summer in Saltykovka as the most difficult in his life. (2) The lights were turned on on the balcony of the neighboring dacha. (3) The schoolchildren and girls were fooling around and arguing, and then late in the evening, a woman’s voice sang a sad romance in the garden. (4) He wanted to drink tea from clean glasses on the balcony and touch a slice of lemon with a spoon. (5) He wanted to laugh and fool around, play burners, sing until midnight, rush around with giant steps. (6) He wanted to look into the eyes of the singing woman - the eyes of those singing are always half-closed and full of sad charm. (7) But Levitan was poor, barely making ends meet. (8) The checkered jacket is completely worn out. (9) The young man grew out of him. (10) Hands, smeared with oil paint, stuck out from the sleeves like bird paws. (11) I walked barefoot all summer. (12) Where was it possible to appear in such an outfit in front of cheerful summer residents! (13) And Levitan was hiding. (14) He took a boat, swam it into the reeds on the dacha pond and wrote sketches - no one bothered him in the boat. (15) Levitan hid from the summer residents, yearned for the night songster and wrote sketches. (16) He completely forgot that at the School of Painting and Sculpture Savrasov predicted glory for him, and his comrades every time started arguments over his paintings about the charms of a real Russian landscape. (17) Future glory was drowned without a trace in resentment towards life, tattered elbows and worn out soles. (18) Levitan wrote a lot in the air that summer. (19) Savrasov ordered so. (20) Levitan strove to paint in such a way that in his paintings one could feel the air, embracing with its transparency every blade of grass, every leaf and haystack. (21) Everything around seemed immersed in something calm, blue and shiny. (22) Levitan called this something air. (23) But this was not the air as it seems to us. (24) We breathe it, we smell it, cold or warmth. (25) Levitan felt it as a boundless environment of transparent substance, which gave such captivating softness to his canvases. Q 2. From sentences 7 -12, write a short adjective. Q 7. Among sentences 1 -10, find those that are connected to each other using lexical repetitions.

1. (1) In the Russian language there is a wonderful word “ascetic”. (2) It is akin to the word “feat” and means: “glorious for great deeds in any field; valiant worker; a brave, successful warrior..." 2. (3) And what is most surprising is that all these definitions, which are taken from the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, can be fairly correlated with the personality of the creator of the great collection of Russian words. (4) The main feat and main path, “the path of faith and righteousness” for Vladimir Ivanovich Dal until the last hours of his life remained the collection of Words. 3. (5) To create the future Dictionary, and there is a lot of evidence of this, V.I. Dal was pushed by A.S. Pushkin, with whom he would remain friends until the poet’s last breath. (6) Literally in Dahl’s arms, his great adviser and friend died. (7) “You can’t kill a person with a word,” Dahl heard somewhere a saying, but another one turned out to be true: “A word hurts more than an arrow.” 4. (8) Dahl collected more than 200 thousand words during his long life. (9) If you simply write them out in a column, you will need four hundred and fifty student notebooks. (10) But Vladimir Ivanovich also explained each word and gave measures for their use. (11) So, he illustrated the word “good” with 60 proverbs! (12) “Truth” for Dahl was “truth in deed, truth in image, in good; this is justice, fairness (“stand for the truth”), as well as honesty, incorruptibility, integrity, legality, sinlessness.” 5. (13) Dal called the Fatherland not only the land where a person was “born and raised,” but also “the land where a native settled, having accepted citizenship or settled firmly, forever.” (14) Fate prepared Dalya to become a “warrior” at the beginning of his journey, that is, a defender of the Fatherland, Motherland. (15) Always gentle and restrained in character, he could say on occasion: “I will go on the knife for the truth, for the Fatherland, for the Russian word, for the language.” (16) “My father is a native, and my fatherland is Rus',” Dahl would later write in the Dictionary. 6. (17) Dahl called his work “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.” (18) The creator of the dictionary joked: “The dictionary is called explanatory not because it could turn out to be stupid, but because it interprets words.” 7. (19) A week before his death, V.I. Dal turned to his daughter with his last request - to write down for the new edition of the Dictionary four words unfamiliar to him, which they had heard from the servants. 8. (20) Feat, according to Dahl, is “a valiant deed, deed, or important, glorious deed,” hence the word “ascetic.” (21) The great collector’s reverent attitude towards the Word, towards the Fatherland, towards Truth - concepts that are equivalent to him! - convinces us today of the asceticism of V.I. Dahl. (22) Isn't that right? 9. B 2. From sentences 1-3, write out the passive participles of the past tense. 10. In 7. Among sentences 5-11, find a sentence that is related to the previous one using contextual synonyms.

(1) The editorial office told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please inquire about the TV. (2) I promised. (3) Of course, I also had some of my own attitudes towards television. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters. - (6) TV produces passivity! - the farmer got excited. - (7) Just think, my daughters, instead of getting better at the violin or piano, instead of reading and developing their imagination, instead of collecting butterflies or medicinal herbs, instead of embroidering, sit whole evenings staring at this gray spot. (8) Time passes, it seems to everyone that everyone is busy with business or, at least, skillfully using their leisure time. (9) But then the gray spot goes out and that’s it. (10) Emptiness. (11) Nothing remained, nothing was added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride a horse... (12) Believing that televisions play not the first role in the formation of future generations, I still once wrote an article “Creator or viewer? “in the sense that if earlier in the village they sang themselves, now they only listen to how they sing, if before they danced themselves, now they only watch how they dance, and so on, that is, a consumer attitude towards art is gradually being developed instead of an active, living one , creative. consumption. (13) Now I had to ask how they consume, what they consume, and what their wishes are in the area (14) With such and such data and a questionnaire in my pocket, I looked around, standing in the middle of our village. (15) There are now thirty-three houses in it. (16) Antennas rise above eleven roofs. (17) The first TV was bought in 1959, the last one a week ago. 18) It turned out that cinema comes first in terms of interest. (19) Then productions, that is, performances. (20) In third place are football, Travelers Club, singing, concerts, Ogonyok. (21) It is interesting that, so to speak, the lowest number of points, namely round zero, were received, on the one hand, by symphonic and all orchestral music, and even opera, and on the other hand, by conversations on agricultural technology and special agricultural programs in general . (22) This is worth thinking about. (23) Imagine a program about the basics of versification. (24) Do you think poets would listen and watch it? (25) Not at all. (26) It would be more interesting to all non-poets who want to touch on the secrets of someone else’s profession. (27) Likewise, a story about harvesting tea or cultivating soil is more interesting to a city person. Q 2. From sentences 21 -26, write down the adjective in comparative form. Q 7. Which of sentences 15 -22 is connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun? Write the number of this offer.

Text No. 1 B 2 - the same B 7 - 14 Text No. 2 B 2 – (in) the person chosen B 7 - 20 Text No. 3 B 2 – perhaps he’ll get tired, maybe B 7 -8 Text No. 4 B 2 –( c) that, this, some, all, to his own B 7 - 15 Text No. 5 B 2 – completely, endlessly, now, impossible, sorry, there, already. B 7 -2

Text No. 6 B 2 – they are the same. B 7 - 13 Text No. 7 B 2 – master, beginner. B 7 -3 Text No. 8 B 2 – poor. B 7 – 4, 5, 6 Text No. 9 B 2 - taken B 7 -6 Text No. 10 B 2 - more interesting B 7 - 22

It would seem a strange question. Everything is clear: “Culture is needed in order to...” But try to answer it yourself, and you will understand that everything is not so simple.

Culture is an integral part of society with its own tasks and goals, designed to perform functions unique to it.

Already primitive man made clothes from animal skins, learned to use fire, and as a result was able to populate vast areas of the globe.

The function of accumulation, storage and transfer of cultural values. This function allows a person to determine his place in the world and, using the knowledge accumulated about him, to develop from lower to higher. It is provided by the mechanisms of cultural traditions, which we have already talked about. Thanks to them, culture preserves the heritage accumulated over centuries, which remains the unchanged foundation of the creative searches of mankind.

The function of goal setting and regulation of social life and human activity. As part of this function, culture creates values and guidelines for society, consolidates what has been achieved and becomes the basis for further development. Culturally created goals and patterns are the perspective and blueprint of human activity. These same cultural values are established as the norms and requirements of society for all its members, regulating their lives and activities. Take, for example, the religious doctrines of the Middle Ages, which you know from your history course. They simultaneously created the values of society, defining “what is good and what is bad,” indicating what to strive for, and also obliging each person to lead a very specific way of life, set by patterns and norms.

Socialization function. This function enables each individual person to acquire a certain system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to act as a full member of society. People excluded from cultural processes, for the most part, cannot adapt to life in human society. (Remember the Mowgli - people found in the forest and raised by animals.)

Communication function. This function of culture ensures interaction between people and communities, promotes the processes of integration and unity of human culture. It becomes especially clear in the modern world, when a single cultural space of humanity is being created before our eyes.

The main functions listed above, of course, do not exhaust all the meanings of culture. Many scientists would add dozens more provisions to this list. And the separate consideration of functions itself is quite conditional. In real life, they are closely intertwined and look like an indivisible process of cultural creativity of the human mind.

It would seem a strange question. Everything is clear: “Culture is needed in order to...” But try to answer it yourself, and you will understand that everything is not so simple.

Culture is an integral part of society with its own tasks and goals, designed to fulfill those inherent only to it. functions.

- Fixture function to the environment. We can say that this is the oldest function of culture. It was thanks to her that human society found protection from the elemental forces of nature and forced them to serve itself. Already primitive man made clothes from animal skins, learned to use fire, and as a result was able to populate vast areas of the globe.

-Accumulation function, storage and transfer of cultural property. This function allows a person to determine his place in the world and, using the knowledge accumulated about him, to develop from lower to higher. It is provided by the mechanisms of cultural traditions, which we have already talked about. Thanks to them, culture preserves the heritage accumulated over centuries, which remains the unchanged foundation of the creative searches of mankind.

-Function of goal setting and regulation of social life and human activities. As part of this function, culture creates values and guidelines for society, consolidates what has been achieved and becomes the basis for further development. Culturally created goals and patterns are the perspective and blueprint of human activity. These same cultural values are established as the norms and requirements of society for all its members, regulating their lives and activities. Take, for example, the religious doctrines of the Middle Ages, which you know from your history course. They simultaneously created the values of society, defining “what is good and what is bad,” indicating what to strive for, and also obliging each person to lead a very specific way of life, set by patterns and norms.

-Socialization function. This function enables each individual person to acquire a certain system of knowledge, norms and values that allow him to act as a full member of society. People excluded from cultural processes, for the most part, cannot adapt to life in human society. (Remember the Mowgli - people found in the forest and raised by animals.)

ARE THERE MANY CULTURES?

Imagine a huge tree with all its branches and twigs that intertwine with each other and are lost from sight. The tree of culture looks even more complex because all its branches are constantly growing, changing, connecting and diverging. And, in order to understand how they grow, you need to know and remember what they looked like before, that is, you need to constantly take into account the entire vast cultural experience of humanity.

Plunging into history, we see in the depths of centuries the historical cultures of ancient civilizations, threads from which stretch in our time. Remember, for example, what the modern world owes to the cultures of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece.

Looking at a world map, we understand that cultures can be defined by race and nationality. And a single interethnic culture can historically be formed on the territory of one state. Take, for example, India, a country that has united many peoples with different customs and religious beliefs into a single cultural space.

Well, if, taking our eyes off the map, we plunge into the depths of society, then here too we will see a lot of cultures.

In society they can be divided, say, according to gender, age and professional characteristics. After all, you must admit that the cultural interests of teenagers and older people differ from each other, just as the cultural and everyday life of miners differs from the lifestyle of actors, and the culture of provincial cities is not similar to the culture of capitals.

It is difficult to understand this diversity. At first glance, it may seem that culture as a single whole simply does not exist. In fact, all these particles are connected and fit into a single mosaic. Cultures intertwine and interact with each other. And over time, this process only accelerates. For example, today no one will be surprised by an Indian sitting on a bench in a Moscow park and reading Sophocles in an English translation.

In the world around us, there is a constant dialogue of cultures. This is especially clearly seen in the example of the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of national cultures. Each of them is unique and unique. Their differences are due to individual historical development. But history transcends national and regional boundaries, it becomes global, and culture, like a person, simply cannot be in isolation, it needs constant communication and the opportunity to compare itself with others. Without this, its full development is impossible. Domestic scientist, academician D.S. Likhachev wrote: “True cultural values develop only in contact with other cultures, grow on rich cultural soil and take into account the experience of neighbors. Can grains develop in a glass of distilled water? Maybe! “But until the grain’s own strength is exhausted, then the plant dies very quickly.”

Now there are practically no isolated cultural communities left on Earth, except somewhere in inaccessible equatorial forests. Scientific and technological progress, associated information technologies, the development of transport, increased mobility of the population, the global division of labor - all this entails the internationalization of culture, the creation of a single cultural space for different nations and peoples. The easiest way to assimilate the achievements of technology, natural science, and exact sciences in interethnic communication. It is somewhat more difficult for innovations in the field of literature and artistic creativity to take root. But here too we can see examples of integration. So, say, Japan, with its centuries-old literary traditions, greedily absorbs and assimilates the experience of European writers, and the whole world, in turn, is experiencing a real boom in reading works of Japanese literature.

We live in an era of the formation of a universal international culture, the values of which are acceptable to people all over the planet. However, like any other global phenomenon, the process of cultural internationalization gives rise to a lot of problems. Difficulties arise in preserving one’s own national cultures when the age-old traditions of a people are supplanted by new values. This issue is especially acute for small nations, whose cultural baggage may be buried under foreign influences. An instructive example is the fate of the North American Indians, who are increasingly dissolving into American society and culture.

Among the problems of globalization, it becomes obvious how carefully it is necessary to treat the core of our native culture - folk traditions, since they are its basis. Without its cultural baggage, no people can enter world culture on an equal footing; they will have nothing to contribute to the common treasury, and will only be able to offer themselves as a consumer.

Folk culture is a completely special layer of national culture, its most stable part, a source of development and a repository of traditions. This is a culture created by the people and existing among the masses. It includes the collective creative activity of the people, reflects their life, views, and values. Her works are rarely written down; more often they are passed on by word of mouth. Folk culture is usually anonymous. Folk songs and dances have performers, but no authors. And that is why it is the fruit of collective creativity. Even if copyrighted works become its property, their authorship is soon forgotten. Remember, for example, the well-known song “Katyusha”. Who is the author of its words and music? Not all of those who perform it will answer this question.

When we talk about folk culture, we primarily mean folklore (with all its legends, songs and fairy tales), folk music, dance, theater, architecture, fine and decorative arts. However, it doesn't end there. This is just the tip of the iceberg. The most important components of folk culture are morals and customs, everyday phraseology and methods of housekeeping, home life and traditional medicine. Everything that people, due to long-standing traditions, regularly use in their everyday life is folk culture. Its distinctive feature is that it is in constant use. While grandmothers tell fairy tales, folk culture is alive. But as soon as some of it ceases to be used, at that same moment a living cultural phenomenon disappears, it becomes just an object for study by folklorists. Folk culture as a whole is constant and indestructible, but the particles that make it up are very fragile and require careful and attentive treatment.

What is culture as a value system? What is the purpose of such a broad liberal arts education, which has always been our tradition? After all, it’s no secret that our education system, despite all its flaws, is one of the best, if not the best, in the world.

I keep repeating that the phenomenon of “Russian brains” is not ethgobiological, that it also owes its existence to this broad humanitarian basis of our education, I repeat Einstein’s famous words that Dostoevsky gives him more than mathematics. Recently someone - I don’t remember who - said: if we didn’t teach literature, there would be no rockets, no Korolev, or much else.

I am convinced that Russian literature, Russian culture supported us in the war: “Wait for me” by Simonov, “In the Dugout” by Surkov, the same “Terkin”... Shostakovich’s Seventh Symphony - it also helped Leningrad survive!

Russian literature is, among other things, an antidote to vulgarity and moral ugliness. We must not allow the teaching of literature to turn into “information” and for “Eugene Onegin” to be viewed only as an “encyclopedia of Russian life.” After all, the point of teaching is not to learn to write as brilliantly as Pushkin, or to “enjoy stylistic beauties” in your free time from serious matters. Literature lessons should first of all introduce high culture, a system of moral values.

A full life of Russian classics in school is a condition for the existence of our people, our state; this, as they say now, is a matter of national security. Without reading “Onegin”, without knowing “Crime and Punishment”, “Oblomov”, “Quiet Don”, we turn into some other people. What about “people”! We are no longer called anything other than “the population.” So we must somehow defend ourselves...

What is culture, why is it needed? What is the goal of that humanitarian education that has always been a tradition in Russia? V. Nepomnyashchy discusses culture as a system of values in this text.

And Russian culture supported us during the war years.” I share the author's position. Yes, without Russian literature and culture there would not be much that our country is proud of.

Do people need culture? I repeat after the author of the article: yes, it is necessary.

And I want to argue with the hero of Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” who argued that “Raphael is not worth a penny,” that all art “is the art of making money.” Time showed that Bazarov was wrong. Almost a hundred years later, J.V. Stalin will say about Bulgakov’s novel “The White Guard”: “The Days of the Turbins do more good than harm. If people like the Turbins are forced to lay down their arms... it means the Bolsheviks are invincible.”

I agree with the opinion that Russian literature and art helped to survive during the war. With what impatience the Soviet soldiers awaited the appearance of the next chapter about Vasily Terkin. The image of a hard-working soldier, a defender of his land, raised exhausted soldiers to battle “not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth.”

What about the war song? Wasn't she needed at the front? Let us remember the words of the famous song: “Scribble, machine gunner, for the blue handkerchief that was on the shoulders of the dear ones.” And the soldier went on the attack to bring victory closer. Victory is home, meeting with loved ones and dear people.

Nowadays, the topic of culture as a value system, raised by the author V. Nepomniachtchi, is especially relevant. How painful it is to see disappointed people around us who have lost faith in beauty. And only culture, in my opinion, can strengthen goodness and beauty.

It would seem a strange question. Everything is clear: “Culture is needed in order to...” But try to answer it yourself, and you will understand that everything is not so simple.

Culture is an integral part of society with its own tasks and goals, designed to perform functions unique to it.

Function of adaptation to the environment. We can say that this is the oldest function of culture. It was thanks to her that human society found protection from the elemental forces of nature and forced them to serve itself. Already primitive man made clothes from animal skins, learned to use fire, and as a result was able to populate vast areas of the globe.

Well, if, taking our eyes off the map, we plunge into the depths of society, then here too we will see a lot of cultures.

culture people creativity