Specialty applied mechanics who to work with. Theoretical mechanics or applied mechanics, which one is native to the technology of recording information? See what "Applied mechanics" is in other dictionaries

Applied mechanics - the science of the world of materials and mechanisms

Applied (technical) mechanics is a complex discipline that sets out the basic principles about the interaction of solids, the strength of materials and methods for calculating structural elements, and also studies simple and easily observable forms of movement - mechanical movements and the mechanisms and machines themselves.

Materials

Since ancient times, builders and architects have tried to build strong and reliable buildings. At the same time, empirical rules were used to determine the size of the structure and its elements. In some cases this led to accidents, in others it was possible to build completely reliable structures (Egyptian pyramids that have survived to this day, Roman viaducts, etc.).

It is usually believed that the science of strength of materials arose in the 12th century after the publication of the book by the great Italian scientist G. Galilei, “Conversations and Mathematical Proofs of Two New Branches of Science” (1638), which laid the foundations for the strength of materials. Over the next two centuries, many outstanding mathematicians, physicists and engineers contributed to the development of the theoretical principles of the science of strength of materials: J. Bernoulli derived and solved the equation of a curved beam in bending; R. Hooke discovered the law of direct proportionality between load and displacement; About Coulomb gave a solution for the calculation of retaining walls; L. Euler - solution to the problem of stability of centrally compressed rods, etc. However, these provisions, as a rule, were purely theoretical and could not be applied in practice.

In the 19th century, due to the rapid development of industry, transport and construction, new developments in the strength of materials were required. Navier and Cauchy obtained a complete system of equations for solving the spatial problem of an isotropic body; Saint-Venant solved the problem of oblique bending of a beam with an arbitrary cross-sectional shape; Clayperon developed a method for calculating continuous beams using three-moment equations; Bress - a method for calculating double-hinged and hingeless arches; Maxwell and More proposed a method for determining displacements, etc.

Russian scientists also made a great contribution to the development of science. DI. Zhuravsky owns the theory of calculating bridge trusses, as well as a formula for determining shear stresses during beam bending; A.V. Godolin developed methods for calculating thick-walled cylinders; H.S. Golovin made calculations for the crooked beam; F.S. Esinsky solved the problem of determining critical stresses during longitudinal bending in the inelastic work of a material, etc.

In the 20th century, the role of Russian scientists in the field of calculation of building structures became leading. A.N. Krylov, I.G. Bubnov and P.F. Papkovich created a general theory for calculating structures lying on a soil foundation. In the works of prominent scientists S.P. Timoshenko, A.N. Dinnika, N.N. Davidenkova, S.V. Seresena, V.V. Bolotina, V.Z. Vlasova, A.A. Ilyushina, I.M. Rabinovich, A.R. Rzhanitsyna, A.F. Smirnov and many others, new directions were developed to create convenient methods for calculating the strength, stability and dynamic effects of various complex spatial structures.

At the present stage of development, much attention is paid to bringing design schemes and basic assumptions closer to the actual operating conditions of buildings and structures. For this purpose, research is being carried out to identify the influence on the stress-strain state of structures of the variable nature of the strength parameters of the material, external influences, nonlinear relationship of stresses and strains, large displacements, etc. The development of appropriate calculation methods is carried out using special branches of mathematics. All modern calculation methods are developed using special branches of mathematics. All modern calculation methods are developed with the widespread use of electronic computer technology. Currently, a large number of standard computer programs have been created that allow not only to carry out calculations of various structures, but to design individual elements and make working drawings.

Movement is the way of existence of matter, its main inherent property.

Movement in the general sense means not only the movement of bodies in space, but also thermal, chemical, electromagnetic and any other changes and processes, including our consciousness and thought.

Mechanics

Mechanics studies the simplest and most easily observed form of movement - mechanical movement.

Mechanical motion is a change in the position of material bodies that occurs over time relative to the position of particles of the same material body, i.e. its deformation.

It is impossible, of course, to reduce all the diversity of natural phenomena only to mechanical motion and explain them on the basis of the principles of mechanics alone. Mechanical movement by no means exhausts the essence of the various forms of movement, but it is always studied before everything else.

Due to the colossal development of science and technology, it has become impossible to concentrate in one discipline the study of many issues related to the mechanical movement of various kinds of material bodies and the mechanisms themselves. Modern mechanics is a whole complex of general and special technical disciplines devoted to the study of the movement of individual bodies and their systems, the design and calculation of various structures, mechanisms and machines, etc.

Description

Full-time study of applied mechanics takes four years. During this time, students will master the main disciplines:

analytical dynamics and theory of oscillations;
engineering and computer graphics;
Materials Science;
theoretical mechanics;
fluid and gas mechanics;
fundamentals of design and machine parts;
basics of computer-aided design;
theory of elasticity;
strength of materials;
construction mechanics of machines.

This will allow the development of physical-mechanical, computer and mechanical models for the purpose of conducting research and solving problems in the field of science and technology. During the internship, students will be able to take part in computational and experimental work as part of a group. Upon completion of their studies, bachelors will be able to easily design sustainable, safe, durable, reliable and durable structures and machines. Many hours are devoted to studying the principles of compiling certain types of technical documentation for projects, elements and assembly units. Complex work aimed at optimizing technological processes will be accessible to understanding and implementation by those educated in this field. Some of the disciplines studied are aimed at mastering methods of managing small teams, which will make it possible to control the solution of assigned tasks and develop special plans for this.

Who to work with

The main direction of professional activity is engineering. Graduates can realize their potential by working as engineers, design engineers, mechanics and developers. If you have mastered your knowledge in the field of computer technology, you can find a job as a specialist in computer biomechanics or computer engineering. Depending on the choice of narrow profile, graduates can work both in factories and in design companies. The actively developing field of nanotechnology experiences a regular shortage of personnel in the field of applied mechanics, and therefore gladly hires those who have received this education.

The meeting of freshmen will take place on June 30 at 13:00 at the address: Volokolamskoye Highway, 4, Main Academic Building, room. 460B

Friends! We are glad to welcome you to our Institute!

Graduates of our Institute work at many aerospace enterprises in Russia.

The Institute of General Engineering Training (Institute No. 9) provides training in three areasbachelor's degree:

12.03.04 “Biotechnical systems and technologies”;
15.03.03 "Applied mechanics";
24.03.04 "Aircraft manufacturing".

One specialties:

24.05.01 “Design, production and operation of rockets and rocket-space complexes.”

And also by directionsmaster's degree:

15.04.03 "Applied mechanics";
24.04.03 "Aircraft manufacturing".

Training is carried out according to the following profiles preparation ( bachelor's degree, duration of study - 4 years ):

12.03.04 "Engineering in biomedical practice"(department No. 903);
15.03.03 “Dynamics, strength of machines and structures” (department No. 906);
15.03.03
24.03.04 “Computer engineering (CAE technologies) in aircraft manufacturing” (department No. 910B);

Specializations (specialty, duration of study - 5.5 years ):

24.05.01 “Design of structures and systems of radio engineering information complexes” (department No. 909B) - targeted training(PJSC "Radiophysics");

Programs (master's degree, duration of study - 2 years ):

15.04.03 “Mathematical modeling in the dynamics and strength of structures” (department No. 902);
24.04.04 “Aviation materials and technologies in medicine” (department No. 912B);

Antenna-feeder systems

Training of specialists in the field of “Design of structures and systems of radio engineering information complexes” has been carried out in the country since 1975 only at department 909B. Training is conducted according to the “physics and technology system”, which has the highest authority in Russia and abroad. Department 909B is based together with MIPT at the JSC Radiophysics enterprise (Planernaya metro station). It is the leader in antenna manufacturing and cooperates with foreign companies. Leading specialists of Radiophysics are involved in the educational process.

Students receive special training in the areas of:

engineering problems of strength, heat transfer, radio engineering, aerodynamics, etc.;
computer use and programming;
design of antenna systems and their mechanisms;
the latest materials, including nanotechnologies and their testing;
design of radio engineering intelligent systems.

Dynamics and strength

Departments 902 and 906 train highly qualified research engineers with a wide profile who are capable of solving complex problems using modern methods that arise in calculations and strength tests of technical systems, aviation and space technology objects.

The training process uses a new principle of training specialists, which allows you to obtain:

modern computer education based on continuous learning and independent work on modern PCs;
enhanced mathematical training combined with general engineering knowledge;
the opportunity to expand their knowledge in the process of students’ research work under the guidance of highly qualified teachers;
the opportunity to expand economic knowledge through elective training.

The training received makes it possible to successfully work not only in various areas of the aerospace industry, but also in other sectors of the economy. Specialists in this field are trained only in a few universities in the CIS and around the world.

Engineers in medicine

The medical industry needs highly qualified specialists who combine advanced research methods, technologies and materials with a fairly complete knowledge of human anatomy and biology, biomechanics, and biochemistry. Students receive training in physics and mathematics, computer technology, and a foreign language. Special disciplines are studied both at the departments of the institute and at large scientific and medical centers. Extensive and deep knowledge in the field of high technologies, materials, and related fields of medicine will provide a specialist with the opportunity to successfully work in enterprises of various profiles.

Nanotechnology in aircraft manufacturing

Department 910B is the base department of the Institute of Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPRIM RAS).

In the learning process, the principle of harmonious combination of fundamental and engineering education is implemented, which allows the graduate to:

receive enhanced mathematical training combined with general engineering knowledge;
acquire modern computer education based on continuous learning and independent work on the latest computer equipment;
expand your knowledge beyond the mandatory program by including research work in the curriculum under the guidance of highly qualified specialists using the scientific and experimental equipment of IPRIM RAS.

Computer engineering allows you to create detailed computer models of complex machines and mechanisms, conducting their in-depth analysis taking into account real operating conditions.

The most common entrance exams:

Russian language
Mathematics (profile) - specialized subject, at the choice of the university
Computer science and information and communication technologies (ICT) - at the university's choice
Physics - optional at university
Chemistry - at the university's choice
Foreign language - at the choice of the university

Applied mechanics is a scientific field that deals with the study of the devices and principles of mechanisms. This direction plays a big role in the development and creation of innovative technology and equipment. Any device is designed based on careful calculations and methods that must meet all accepted standards. The proper operation of equipment and its durability depend on a correctly calculated design, which requires deep technical knowledge. This area is relevant at any time, since progress does not stand still; enterprises are designing new devices and equipment, the creation of which is impossible without clear calculations. That is why today some applicants with a mathematical mindset strive to enroll in the specialty 03/15/03 “Applied Mechanics”: after all, it is quite difficult to find personnel with high-quality knowledge, which creates a high demand for the profession.

Admission conditions

Each educational institution has its own requirements for applicants, so all information should be clarified in advance. Contact the dean's office of the university of your choice and find out exactly what subjects you will need to take for admission.

Nevertheless, the core discipline was and remains core-level mathematics. Among other items you may encounter:

Russian language,
physics,
chemistry,
foreign language,
computer science and ICT.

Future profession

During their studies, students of the direction study the theory of applied mechanics and master the skills of computational and experimental work. The program involves solving dynamics problems, analyzing and calculating equipment parameters such as strength and stability, reliability and safety. In addition, students learn to apply information technology and acquire knowledge in the field of computer mathematics and computer engineering.

Where to apply

Today, leading universities in Moscow offer applicants to master the specialty “Applied Mechanics”, providing them with all the necessary technical equipment to obtain high-quality knowledge. The most trustworthy educational institutions are:

Moscow State Technical University named after. N. E. Bauman;
Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University) (MAI);
MATI - Russian State Technological University named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky;
Moscow State Mechanical Engineering University;
National Research University "MPEI".

Training period

The duration of the undergraduate educational program for full-time study is 4 years, for part-time study - 5 years.

Disciplines included in the course of study

During the learning process, students master such disciplines as:

Acquired skills

As a result of completing the curriculum course, graduates acquire the following skills:

Collective implementation of calculations in the field of applied mechanics.
Preparation and execution of descriptions, reports and presentations on the calculations performed.
Design of new equipment taking into account methods and calculations that ensure the strength, reliability and durability of the machines.
Development of machine parts and assemblies using special design software.
Preparation of technical documents for developed products.
Conducting experimental work on created products.
Rationalization of technological processes.
Introduction of innovative objects of applied mechanics into the modern economic sector.
Monitoring the safety of manufactured objects.
Drawing up a work plan for departments and developing an effective schedule for individual specialists.

Job prospects by profession

What can you do after graduating from university? Graduates of this direction can occupy a variety of positions, including:

Specialists in this profile are often involved in the construction, automotive, aviation and railway sectors. Depending on experience and merit, as well as on the place of work, they receive on average from 30,000 to 100,000 rubles. Some large world-famous companies are willing to pay large sums, but in order to get a position in them, you need to gain experience and distinguish yourself in your professional activities.

Advantages of enrolling in a master's program

Some graduates, having received a bachelor's degree, do not stop there and continue their education in a master's degree. Here they have a number of additional opportunities:

Acquiring skills in the study of theoretical and experimental problems associated with the development of modern equipment.
Study of complex computer-aided design systems.
The opportunity to obtain an international degree, which will allow you to work in foreign companies.
Mastering one foreign language.
A chance to take a leading position in a large enterprise.

Federal Agency for Education

Russian Chemical-Technological University named after. DI. Mendeleev

APPLIED MECHANICS

Approved by the University Editorial Board as a teaching aid

Moscow 2004

UDC 539.3 BBK 34.44; -04*3.2);30/33*3.1):35 P75

Reviewers:

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Chemical Technology University. DI. Mendeleev

V.M. Aristov

Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Chemical Technology University. DI. Mendeleev

V.S. Osipchik

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow State University of Environmental Engineering

V.N. Frolov

Applied mechanics/ S.I. Antonov, S.A. Kunavin,

P75 E.S. Sokolov Borodkin, V.F. Khvostov, V.N. Chechko, O.F. Shlensky, N.B Shcherbak. M.: RKhTU im. DI. Men-

Deleeva, 2004. 184 p. ISBN 5 – 7237 – 0469 – 9

The general principles for performing strength calculations of elements of the main structures of chemical equipment are given. Contains information necessary to complete homework in the applied mechanics course.

The manual is intended for full-time, part-time and evening students.

UDC 539.3 BBK 34.44; -04*3.2);30/33*3.1):35

INTRODUCTION

Progress in chemical technology cannot be imagined without the development of chemical engineering, which is based on the laws of mechanics. The laws and mathematical models of mechanics make it possible to evaluate the capabilities of operating and newly designed equipment of any chemical production, be it the production of silicate and polymer materials and products, gunpowder or quantum electronics materials.

A chemical technologist must know and understand the laws of mechanics enough to conduct a business conversation in the same language with a mechanical engineer engaged in direct design, not demand the impossible from him, and in collaboration with him look for optimal solutions, achieving the greatest efficiency of the designed equipment.

An important stage in the preparation of a chemical technologist is the formation of engineering thinking. The discipline of Applied Mechanics makes a significant contribution to this important process. The course of applied mechanics makes full use of the information obtained by students while studying general scientific and engineering disciplines such as higher mathematics, physics, computational mathematics, etc.

Applied mechanics is a complex discipline. It includes, to one degree or another, the main provisions of the courses “Theoretical Mechanics”, “Strength of Materials” and “Machine Parts”.

In the process of improving the educational process, the team of the Department of Mechanics developed an unconventional approach to the presentation of the course "Applied Mechanics": the material of the disciplines included in it (theoretical mechanics, strength of materials, machine parts)

is considered as a single whole, a unified approach to the presentation of the material is provided, and organically related sections of disciplines are combined. If possible, sections of material resistance have direct access to the corresponding sections of chemical production machine parts. Theoretical mechanics is presented only by those sections that are actively used in the study of other topics in this discipline, and are also necessary for a process engineer to understand mechanical processes in chemical technology.

The course additionally includes information about basic structural materials, pipelines, general-purpose capacitive equipment and mechanical processes of chemical technology. The course is provided with a textbook specially prepared for students taking into account the specifics of teaching “Applied Mechanics” at a chemical engineering university. However, no matter how necessary a textbook is, in connection with changing university curricula, in order to strengthen the general technical training of process engineers, teachers may introduce additional sections in the course “Applied Mechanics” and change the methodology of lecture material and seminar classes.

Thus, students should rely less on the textbook and more on classroom training, which will allow them to become not only performers, but also organizers of production at an earlier stage.

Transferring technologies developed in laboratories to the scale of industrial production, ensuring the effective use of technological equipment, participation in the development of technical specifications for the creation of new machines and devices, mechanical testing of new materials - all this presupposes the presence of solid knowledge in the field of mechanics among chemical technologists.

A process engineer who has studied mechanics most sensitively senses the peculiarities of the technological process and can set the optimal design of the device or apparatus being designed, which ultimately determines the productivity and quality of the manufactured product. For example, correctly calculated temperature fields of the walls and the design of the working chamber of a plasma-chemical reactor made of heat-resistant materials created in accordance with these and mechanical calculations can increase the productivity of the reactor several times.

Chemists have known for a long time that diamond and graphite have the same composition, as well as the possibility of their mutual transformation. But only the joint efforts of mechanical and process engineers and the latest advances in the creation of special pressing equipment made it possible to turn ordinary graphite into artificial diamonds.

In conclusion, you should add information about the academic mobility of both the student and the certified specialist, in other words, about the possibility of changing your specialty for certain reasons or the possibility of studying in a different profile. Mechanics and, in particular, applied mechanics form the basis for the training of specialists in many other specialties. Therefore, the study of mechanics will allow a graduate of the Russian Chemical Technical University named after. D.I. Mendeleev to work in other areas of technology and successfully improve their skills.

LIST OF SYMBOLS

R, F - force vectors, N.

Fx ,Fy , Fz , Rx , Ry , Rz , Qx , Qy , Qz , - projections of force on the axis x, y, z, N. i, j, k - unit vectors.

M o (F) - vector of the moment of force F relative to the center O,.Hm. σ, τ - normal, tangential stress, Pa.

ε, γ - linear, angular deformation, radian. σ x, σ y, σ z - projections of stresses on the x, y, z axes. ε x, ε y, ε z - projections of deformations on the x, y, z axes.

∆l, ∆ a - absolute deformations of segments l and a, m.

E - elastic modulus of the first row (Young's modulus), Pa. G - elastic modulus of the second row (shear modulus), Pa.

µ - transverse contraction ratio (Poisson), dimensionless. A - cross-sectional area, m2 [σ], [τ] - permissible normal and tangential stress, Pa U - potential energy, N.m

W - work of force, Nm

u - specific potential energy, Nm/m3

σ in - tensile strength, temporary resistance, Pa σ t - yield strength, Pa.

σ y - elastic limit, Pa.

σ pc - proportionality limit, Pa. ψ - relative residual narrowing. δ - relative residual elongation. n - safety factor, Pa.

S x, S y - static moments about the x, y, m3 axes. J x, J y - moments of inertia about the x, y, m4 axes. J p - polar moment of inertia, m4.

φ - twist angle, rad.

θ - linear relative twist angle, rad/m.

[θ] - permissible relative angle of twist, rad/m. W p - polar moment of resistance, m3.

q - intensity of distributed load, N/m. ρ - radius of curvature of the elastic line, m.

W x - axial moment of resistance, mz. σ 1, σ 2, σ 3 - main stress, Pa.

σ eq - equivalent stress, Pa.

τ max - maximum shear stress, Pa. P cr - critical force, N.

µ pr - length reduction coefficient. i - radius of gyration, m.

λ - flexibility, dimensionless.

K - dynamic coefficient. ω - rotation frequency, s-1.

σ a, σ m - amplitude and average cycle stress, Pa.

σ max, σ min – maximum and minimum cycle stress, Pa.

σ -1 - fatigue strength limit under a symmetric loading cycle (fatigue limit), MPa..

n σ n τ - fatigue strength safety factor for normal and tangential stresses, Pa.

g - acceleration of the forces of gravity, m/s2. F st – static deflection, m.

β is the ratio of the mass of the rod to the mass of the falling load, dimensionless. δ 11 - displacement caused by a unit force in the direction of action

unit force, m/N.

Ω – frequency of forced oscillations, s-1.

1. STATICS OF A SOLID BODY

1.1. Basic Concepts

Statics is the branch of mechanics that studies the relative equilibrium of material bodies under the influence of forces applied to them. Abstract bodies are considered, for which the physical structure and chemical properties do not matter. Bodies are assumed to be absolutely solid, i.e. do not change their shape and size under load and are not susceptible to destruction. The distances between any two points in such bodies remain unchanged.

The main task of statics is to determine the forces acting on the structural elements of machines and devices.

Force is a quantitative measure of the mechanical interaction of bodies. Force is a vector quantity and can be projected onto the coordinate axes x, y (Fig. 1.1) and presented as:

F = Fx i + Fy G j + Fz k ,

where i, j, k are unit vectors. Force module

F = (F x )2 + (F y )2 + (F z )2 ,

where: F x , F y , F z – projections of force F onto the coordinate axes. The force dimension is newton [H].

If the system of forces does not cause a change in the kinematic state of the body (its movement), the body is said to be in a state

static equilibrium (or rest), and the applied system of forces is balanced.

A force whose mechanical action is equivalent to a given system of forces is called resultant. The force that complements a given system to equilibrium is called balancing.

1.2. Axioms of statics

1. A free body is in equilibrium under the action of two forces only if these forces are equal in magnitude, act in one straight line and are directed in opposite directions. An obvious consequence: force alone does not ensure the balance of the body.

2. The balance of the body will not be disturbed if a balanced system of forces is added to it or taken away.

Corollary: force is a sliding vector, i.e. can be transferred to any point along the line of its action.

3. The resultant of two converging forces is the diagonal of a parallelogram constructed on these forces as on the sides (Fig. 1.2).

4. Bodies interact with each other with forces equal and oppositely directed.

1.3. The concept of moment of force

IN In cases where a force creates a turning effect on a body, we speak of a moment of force. The measure of such impact is the moment of force. The moment of force F relative to the center O (Fig. 1.3.) is a vector product

Μ 0 (F) = r x FG .

Modulus of this vector

Μ 0 (F) = F r sin α = F h,

where h is the arm of the force F relative to the center O, equal to the length of the perpendicular lowered from the center to the line of action of the force, r is the radius vector of the point of application of the force (Fig. 1.3). Moment dimension [N m]. Vector M 0 (F) acts perpendicular to the plane passing through the line of action of the force and the center 0. Its direction is determined by the rule "bu-