Speech consists of sentences and sentences of words. Speech consists of sentences. III. Updating previously learned

Primitive people themselves had to come up with words to designate this or that object. This is how speech appeared, which allowed a person to escape from the world of loneliness and ignorance. Later, writing was created, and humanity was able to transmit its knowledge. A lot of time has passed since the creation of the first word. To answer the question of what our speech consists of, we need to list many components.

Introduction

The main component of language is the word. Words are used to build sentences with which you can conduct a conversation and write essays. There are two types of speech - oral and written. Each of them has its own means of expression. As a person grows up, his speech “grows,” that is, in the learning process, everyone learns more new words, which allows him to make his speech more vivid and rich.

At a time when writing had not yet been invented, people composed beautiful legends, stories, stories, songs and retold them to each other. Thus, even today, a cultural heritage has been preserved, which is commonly called oral folk art. Back then, in educational institutions, children were taught to write only what was important in everyday life. And even though a lot of time has passed since then and it is difficult to briefly describe what our speech consists of, its basic principles and components have remained the same.

Word

One of the components of speech is the word. This is the smallest lexical unit that denotes a specific object or action. Words can be used separately or in a linguistic lexical bundle. Simply put, words are made into sentences. This is one of the most important and has a number of properties:

The word has the main emphasis.
Carries a certain meaning.
Expresses reality in the form of lexical meaning.
It is an independent unit that a person reproduces and does not invent independently.
Fits freely in a sentence and can be used as a separate statement.
Consists of morphemes (the smallest units of language that are not broken by any elements).
They have a solid structure.
They are combined with each other according to established grammatical laws.
They transmit certain knowledge and exist in material form.

Offer

A person can use different words in a conversational text, but if they are used separately, without any thematic connection, then no one will be able to fully convey the necessary information. For example, you can say: “Wednesday, sea, train, family.” It will be just a set of words that denote different segments of human life. But if we link them together by adding several prepositions and a verb, we get: “On Wednesday the family went by train to the sea.” That is, you get a full-fledged information message. Such messages are called sentences, which are grammatically organized combinations of words.

Collocation and simple sentence

Sentences can be simple or complex. Before proceeding to their characteristics, you need to pay attention to such a concept as a phrase. This is a combination of several grammatically related words that are components of a sentence.

However, phrases are not:

Subject and predicate.
Homogeneous members of the sentence.
Phraseologisms.

Often phrases are confused with simple sentences. Simple sentences differ from complex ones by the presence of only one grammatical basis (subject and predicate). Complex sentences have several grammatical bases. Simply put, complex sentences are made up of several simple ones. Actually, this is all that our speech consists of, in terms of structure.

Style

Speech consists of sentences. But that is not all. Depending on the context, sentences change their sound and the way they convey information. Thus, sentences with the same meaning can be reproduced using different methods. Such methods are called speech styles. Simply put, these are speech means that arose in the process of development. They are used in various areas of communication. The main speech styles are:

Scientific style- used to transmit messages of scientific content. The authors of this style are scientists or specialists in a certain field.
Officially-business style- used in business communication, in an official setting. Documents are drawn up using this style. The style is also characterized by speech cliches.
Journalistic style- found in the media (articles, reports, essays, interviews, etc.). The style is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary and emotional reproduction.
Conversational style - serves for the exchange of information in an informal setting. Speech is lively and expressive.
Art style - found in fiction. Its main feature is to express simple things through a variety of linguistic means.

We can say that words and styles of speech constitute the basic apparatus of communication. But for a full-fledged information exchange of messages, you need to know about the rules and culture of speech. And it would be nice to mention the means of speech as the main element that makes communication colorful.

Expressiveness of language

By means of linguistic expressiveness we mean those tools that make speech, be it a conversation or a written work, bright, colorful, lexically and emotionally expressive. Such tools are stylistic figures and tropes.

Paths are speech patterns that allow you to use words and phrases in a figurative sense. They are formed by combining two or more phenomena that are at least somewhat close, and a sign of one phenomenon can be described by another, creating a more vivid idea of it. Thus, new phrases with different meanings appear in speech. For example, the poet said “a lonely sail is white,” instead of “a ship is sailing.”

The trails can be simple or difficult. Simple ones include:

Comparison- comparison of objects or phenomena, expressed through the use of conjunctions “as”, “as if”, etc.
Epithet- definitions that give greater imagery and emotionality.

There are more difficult trails:

Metaphor- replacement of one word with another, similar in properties (“dead silence”).
Metonymy - names change according to contiguity.
Synecdoche - use part of an object as a name and vice versa.
Allegory - a way to express certain concepts through artistic images, for example scales represent justice.
Irony - ridicule. The word is used in such a way that it takes on the opposite meaning.
Hyperbole - poetic exaggeration.
Litota - a gross understatement.
Periphrase - replacing words or phrases to avoid repetition.

As for stylistic figures, these are word turns fixed in stylistics.

A culture of speech

In spoken text, means of linguistic expressiveness are not used so often, but even here there are rules. The way a person communicates can determine his character. Speech can repel the interlocutor or attract his sympathy. In addition to a beautiful style, a person must be able to listen and not interrupt his interlocutor.

Speech etiquette is much more complex than it might seem. The basic rules of speech are as follows:

Brevity - it is better not to confuse the interlocutor with an excess of words that do not carry useful information.
Purpose - before starting a conversation, you need to determine for what purpose it is being done.
Diversity - the same story can be told to different people, but an individual approach must be taken into account.
You can't respond to rudeness with rudeness.
It is better to maintain your speech habits; a person who adopts a manner of speaking loses his “I”.

Conclusion

The article answers the question: “What does our speech consist of?” The main components of communication are words and sentences with the help of which people exchange information messages. In addition, speech, whether written or oral, should be rich and vivid. That is why special speech means are used, giving the dry information background emotional content. And the third component of speech is its culture. True, this is a purely subjective factor that has an individual manifestation.

What is speech needed for?

With the help of speech we express our thoughts and feelings. We turn to each other with questions, advice, requests, orders.

Speech helps us understand each other, know a lot and live together.

Task 1 (oral).

Look at the pictures.

What is speech needed for? Use the pictures to answer.

|| Communication can be oral and written

Task 2 (oral).

Read it.

Oral speech- this is the speech that we pronounce and hear. This is spoken speech. In the old days, the mouth was called a mustache. Therefore, the speech that is spoken is called oral. What kind of speech is called oral speech?

Task 3(orally).

Read it.

Written speech is speech that is written. People use letters or other signs to write.

It didn't take long for people to come up with letters. In ancient times they wrote with drawings. Now such a letter can be seen on road signs.

Where else?

What kind of speech is called written?

When do we use spoken and written language?

In oral speech, one sentence is separated from another by a short stop - a pause.

What about in writing? What rules for writing sentences do you know?

Set

e 4(orally).

How many offers are there?

Alyosha was looking for mushrooms in the forest, suddenly leaves rustled in the bushes, the boy got scared and it was a hedgehog.

Read, pausing after each sentence. How would you format these sentences in writing?

There is always a sign at the end of a sentence to indicate that the sentence has ended. This is znAk r e p i n a n i a.

Task 5.

How many offers are there?

It’s so nice in the summer on the river (. ! ?) the guys swim and play (. ! ?) can you swim (. ! ?)

Write down each sentence. Place the appropriate sign at the end.

The sounds and letters in the word are arranged in a strict order. If you violate this order, the word will change its meaning or lose it altogether.

What does our speech consist of? What does the proposal consist of? What does each word mean? PP

[Task 6.]
Read the words.

Write new words in RT.

Everything has a name -

Both the beast and the object.

There are a lot of things around,

And there are no nameless ones!

And all that the eye can see is

Above us and below us, -

And all that is in our memory is

Signified by words.

Words in a sentence are connected within the meaning of. >

To get a sentence from words, words need to be changed.

[Task 7.]

Read the word cards.

Make sentences from cards without unnecessary words. Write down the sentences in RT.

How to write a sentence outline?

For example, like this?

A rainbow spread over the river.

We denote each word as follows: ______

We denote the capital letter in the first word as follows: I

We get this diagram:|_ _ _ _

Lesson 4. A SENTENCE CONSISTS OF WORDS

30.04.2013 42701 0

Lesson4. A sentence consists of words

Goals: give students an idea that a sentence consists of words; teach how to determine the number of words in a sentence, write down the outline of a sentence; develop students' speech, memory, and creative abilities.

Equipment : textbook; drawn characters from the fairy tale “Turnip”.

During the classes

I. Mobilizing part of the lesson .

II. Updating of reference knowledge .

Setting goals and objectives for the lesson.

Question :

– What does our speech consist of? (Our speech consists of sentences.)

Teacher . Today we will find out what sentences consist of, and the Russian folk tale “Turnip” will help us with this.

III. Formation of new knowledge, abilities, skills .

 Work according to the textbook: p. 9.

Conversation with students on questions:

– Remember the beginning of the fairy tale. ( Grandfather planted a turnip.)

- How many words do you hear in this sentence? ( Three.)

-What is the first word? second? third?

– What does the proposal consist of?

Conclusion : A sentence consists of words.

– The proposal can be written in the form of a diagram. Using the diagram you can find out how many words there are in a sentence. Each individual word is indicated by a stripe.

One strip represents one word. There are three stripes in our diagram, which means there are three words in the sentence.

– Why do you think the first word in a sentence is indicated not just by a stripe, but by a stripe with a dash in front? ( This is the beginning of a sentence.)

– How can you know when a sentence is finished? ( There is a period at the end of the sentence.)

With the help of the teacher, children make sentence diagrams based on the remaining drawings.

The turnip has grown big. ( .)

Grandfather called grandma. ( .)

The grandmother called her granddaughter. ( .)

The granddaughter called Zhuchka. ( .)

Bug called the cat. ( .)

The cat called the mouse. ( .)

– Particular attention should be paid to the sentence in the last picture:

I pulled out a turnip!

There are only two words in this sentence, so they are indicated by two stripes.

The sentence is pronounced joyfully, excitedly, with a raised voice. In such cases, at the end of the sentence there is not a period, but an exclamation mark. It can be seen at the end of the diagram of this proposal.

Physical education minute

■ Creative work of students. Theatricalization of the Russian folk tale "Turnip".

TURNIP

Grandfather planted a turnip and said:

- Grow, grow, turnip, sweet! Grow, grow, turnip, strong!

The turnip grew sweet, strong, and big.

Grandfather went to pick a turnip: he pulled and pulled, but couldn’t pull it out.

Grandfather called grandma.

Grandma for grandfather

Grandfather for the turnip -

The grandmother called her granddaughter.

Granddaughter for grandmother,

Grandma for grandfather

Grandfather for the turnip -

They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out.

The granddaughter called Zhuchka.

A bug for my granddaughter,

Granddaughter for grandmother,

Grandma for grandfather

Grandfather for the turnip -

They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out.

Bug called the cat.

Cat for Bug,

A bug for my granddaughter,

Granddaughter for grandmother,

Grandma for grandfather

Grandfather for the turnip -

They pull and pull, but they can’t pull it out.

The cat called the mouse.

A mouse for a cat

Cat for Bug,

A bug for my granddaughter,

Granddaughter for grandmother,

Grandma for grandfather

Grandfather for the turnip -

They pulled and pulled - and they pulled out the turnip.

IV. Lesson summary. Reflection .

– What new did you learn in the lesson?

– What did you like most? Why?

– What caused the difficulty? Why?

Thank you for the lesson.

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Books

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