Peculiarities of the use of individual prepositions in the Russian language (in comparison with Ukrainian) - Knowledge Hypermarket. Some features of the use of prepositions Characteristics of derived prepositions
Ulyana Anatolyevna Matyushenko, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]
Seliverstova Maria Albertovna, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]
Smirnova Galina Vasilievna, 3rd year student of the Faculty of Philology, Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute, branch of the Siberian Federal University, Lesosibirsk [email protected]
Some features of the functioning of prepositions in modern Russian language
Abstract. This article is devoted to the study of the functional features of the preposition “in view” in the Russian language. The preposition is considered as an auxiliary part of speech, the peculiarities of its use in the Russian language are revealed, and a description of the classification of prepositions in the Russian language is also given. Key words: Russian language, prepositions, functional parts of speech, preposition in view.
Language is the most important means of human communication. Without it, the existence of modern society is impossible, its activities are impossible. The role of language as a means of communication is continuously increasing, which explains the need for in-depth study of the native language at school. It is impossible to do without prepositions in any language. It is impossible to compose sentences without prepositions; they affect the meaning of the word with which it is used, since the meaning of the word changes. In schools, as part of the Russian language program, prepositions are studied as a functional part of speech. Part of speech is a category of words in a language that is determined by morphological, syntactic and grammatical features. All parts of speech are divided into significant and auxiliary.
The function of auxiliary parts of speech is auxiliary; these parts of speech serve significant words. Function words have various special features: they do not have nominative semantics; immutable; are not a component of the utterance. Functional parts of speech differ from independent parts of speech in that they do not have a specific lexical and general grammatical meaning, service parts of speech do not change, as individual members of sentences do not distinguish them, their function is auxiliary, they serve independent parts of speech in sentences and phrases. Prepositions serve to expressing the relationship of the following independent parts of speech to other parts of speech: noun, numeral and some pronouns. Prepositions are assistants and a means of connecting words in phrases; with the help of prepositions, the meaning of a statement is clarified and they add adverbial meanings. Consider the sentence: “I’ll arrive in St. Petersburg when the train is late at six o’clock in the morning.” There is not a single preposition in this sentence. If we consider the sentence as a whole, then its meaning is clear, but the construction of the sentence due to the lack of prepositions is not correct. The preposition from expresses spatial relations: from St. Petersburg; The preposition indicates a time period: at six in the morning; as a result, due to indicate circumstantial, causal relationships: due to being late. All these prepositions help to quickly and more accurately comprehend what was said.
The use of prepositions in communication verbally and in writing, while observing all grammatical norms, is an important and mandatory condition for correct speech. Let's look at a couple of examples of the use of some prepositions. Thus, the preposition in is combined only with the preposition from, and the preposition with is combined with the preposition on. You can use: went to the theater - came from the theater (but a violation and incorrect use would be from the theater), arrived from the Caucasus - to the Caucasus (but not from the Caucasus); It is also impossible to say “due to being late” - the correct use in this case would be “due to being late.” We should not forget that prepositions such as: according to, despite, thanks to
are used with nouns only in the dative case: according to the law, contrary to chance, thanks to the help of a medical professional. Prepositions always come before the words with which they are used in speech. Consider the concept of the term “preposition”. A preposition is a service part of speech that serves words and phrases in sentences, which expresses the relationship to each other of those objects and actions, states, signs that these words call: “Tell about interesting stories, run to the house, pass by the cinema, collect bits and pieces , carry on a conversation for half an hour, think about good things, go ashore, near the house, approach the house, yearn for relatives." According to linguist V.V. Vinogradov, prepositions express the same general relations that are expressed by indirect cases of nouns (except for the subject relation) : this is always one of the types of relation that is determinative (in place, time, reason, condition, purpose, etc.) or objective, or it is a relation of necessary informative completion. But if we compare them with indirect cases, then prepositions can express these relationships much more definitely and differentiatedly. By connecting words with each other, a preposition as a grammatical unit is in parallel related to related words; such a connection is primarily observed with strong and regularly predictable weak syntactic connections, for example: Consist of particles: consist of and of particles; talk about business: talk about business; look after animals: look after animals; enter the city: drive into and into the city. Combining with a control word (talk about, look after, etc.), never used independently, the preposition is often a certain indicator of the lexical meaning of the word; Let us compare the different meanings of the verb “consist” in the cases of “consist of” (someone or something: work consists of stages, a group consists of students) and “consist in a group”; Let's consider the verb “talk”: talk essentially, talk about your son, talk about work (talk essentially), talk with the director (talk, have a conversation). The verb “to watch” in the following cases: to watch my son, to watch my son, to watch the game. The preposition is separated from the main word, thereby being independent, and it can be independently used in sentences as names, and sometimes as elements of the whole text:
Keep an eye on pets – Pets require special care; Talk about life - I talk with a friend about life; About time and about myself (title); Sunbathing in the sun—it’s hot in the sun; Turn to a friend - “To a friend” (title of the poem); To a friend - not a line; go fishing - “Go fishing” (title, caption under the picture, photograph); Go fishing with the whole family.
In all the above examples, the preposition is not a connecting link between words; it only denotes an attitude to a particular subject. Most domestic and foreign linguists and linguists were interested in prepositions and their meanings. We can distinguish different classifications of prepositions, which are based on the following approaches: 1) Prepositional control. 2) Functionality of prepositions. 3) Lexical meaning of prepositions.
I would like to dwell on the classification of prepositions given by the famous domestic linguist and linguist V.V. Vinogradov.
According to their form, prepositions can be divided into primitive and non-primitive, as well as simple and compound. Primitive prepositions are a group of words that are not associated with significant words. All these prepositions have several lexical meanings. Some prepositions can be used with one case form. Non-primitive prepositions are those prepositions that have living word-formation relationships and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (gerunds). In the Russian language, non-primitive prepositions are much more common compared to primitive prepositions. All these prepositions do not have a large number of meanings and they are mainly used in texts and speech only with a certain case form.
All non-primitive prepositions can be divided into prepositions: 1. Denominated (in view of, in quality, in the name of, along the line, under the guise).2. Adverbial (near, above, after, beside, according to).3. Verbal (including, excluding, not counting).
Simple prepositions can be primitive and non-primitive; such prepositions consist of only one word. Compound prepositions mainly include words that consist of two or more words; they always include only non-primitive prepositions. These prepositions have forms of the name of a gerund or adverb in combination with one or two primitive prepositions: henceforth to, away from, in contrast to, in accordance with, in relation to, looking at. As mentioned above, all prepositions, according to their structure and word-formation connections, are divided into primitive (or non-derivative) and non-primitive (or derivative).
Primary or non-derivative prepositions include simple prepositions: Without (bezo) with nouns in the genitive case, for example: without reason, without warning; preposition in with a noun in the accusative case and prepositional case: in the forest (P.p.), in the forest (V .P.). For, do, is used with nouns in the genitive case: for work, it is difficult to reach him by phone, with all his might. For is used in combination of words in the accusative and instrumental cases: to pick up a friend (T.p.), for bad behavior (V.p.). K (ko) is combined with words in the dative case: come to visit a friend (D.p.). Between, between, from, from, for, for, with (so), in combination with words in the genitive case: from parents (P .p.), for the sake of a friend (R.p.), ask parents (R.p.).
On, about, about, with, through
are used in the accusative case: through parents, parents, about parents. The group of primitives includes prepositions that have a pair - these are prepositions: because of the forest (R.p), from under the pines (R.p). In fiction, the prepositions pose and ponad are often found, such prepositions are more outdated: they drive through the forest, pose through the garden, walk along the bank, over the river, over the floodplain old villages were white. Thus, we can conclude that the primitive preposition is combined with words only in three case forms prepositions по and с with two case forms forms, in, behind, between, between, on, about, under, or
with one case (without, for, before, from, because, from under, to, over, from, before, with, about, for the sake of, at, through, regional pose, over). Let's consider non-primitive or derivative prepositions. These are prepositions that acquire the properties of prepositions in the form of individual words and combinations that have motivational relationships with adverbs, nouns and gerunds. Prepositions of adverbial type are classified as simple or compound. In their form, simple prepositions coincide with adverbs, while compound prepositions are a combination of an adverb with a primitive preposition. These are the following words (the case form attached by a preposition is shown hereinafter with the corresponding form of the pronoun, and the animate or inanimate nature of the name is noted. For example: someone - with the genitive case. Animated and inanimate nouns: someone - only with animate; something - only with inanimate) .1) Simple adverbial prepositions include such prepositions as: near the road, near someone, near the road, near a person, deep in the forest, along the road, in exchange for an old suit, instead of a father, instead of a lesson, outside the law, inside the house, near the store, near the brother, around the house, around the cat, in spite of fate, in front of the car, in front of an athlete like him, like that suit, after the brother, tangent, regarding his behavior (this option is found in the official and obsolete), past the father, past the house, at the top of the house , towards the wind, towards a friend, on the eve of a birthday, in defiance of the father, in defiance of fate, opposite the father, opposite the house, near the house, near the brother, around the bridge (obsolete usage), regarding the student, regarding his behavior, over the head, near the brother, near the house, like autumn, like a man, behind the house, behind the brother, besides his toys, across the throat, after school, after the teacher, in the middle of the room, in the middle of the room, before the parents, against the sister, against the house, on the side of the window, above the norm, above the norm, behind the father, behind the house , through the gap, according to the article, in accordance with interests, in accordance with the image, in proportion to growth, among the people of flowers. Adverbial prepositions for the most part agree with words in the genitive case, but a number of prepositions, such as in spite of, after, towards, in defiance of, like, according to, accordingly, accordingly and commensurately, are combined in the dative case and one through in the accusative case. 2) Compound adverbial prepositions include: near home, near relatives, far from home, far from relatives, far from home, far from relatives, together with friends, together with a book, right up to the president, right up to the river, before the start of the lesson, level with brother, level with the rank, following the dream, following the brother, along with the students, along with the students, not far from the school, not far from the mother, regardless of the situation, regardless of the brother, in relation to the student, near the house, next to the father, following the brother, following a dream, together with friends, in accordance with opinion, in accordance with the situation, in accordance with the law, in comparison with a friend.
Most of these prepositions are combined with words in the instrumental case, some prepositions, among which we can name such as near from, far from, up to, henceforth to, not far from, regardless of, are combined with nouns in the genitive case, and one preposition to - is combined with nouns in the dative case . The connection with one of the case forms is predetermined by the primitive preposition, which contains the structure of the compound preposition (compare: to something - in relation to business; from someone or something - regardless of the situation, from colleagues).
Adverbial prepositions in most cases are unambiguous in their composition, expressing attributive (adverbial) relations. They have the same lexical meaning as the adverb with which they agree in sentences or phrases. Ambiguous prepositions include the following prepositions: near (near the school), around (around the house), towards (dream), near (at home), besides (work), in the middle of (the school year), in the middle of (the room), against (the will), above (plan), next to (house) and others.
The next category of prepositions is denominative prepositions. In their form, these prepositions represent either a prepositional case form of a name, i.e. they have the form of indirect cases of an abstract noun with a primitive preposition or a preposition outside (1), or such a prepositional case form accompanied by another (second) primitive preposition (2), or a non-prepositional form form of the genitive or instrumental cases (3). Prepositions of the first and second groups are compound, prepositions of the third group are simple. 1) Compound nominal prepositions with one primitive: without the help of a friend, without the accompaniment of adults, addressed to the interlocutor (occurs in a business style), in the form of a toy, due to an agreement, within the boundaries homeland, in a crime case, as a sign of gratitude, in the interests of the family, in the interests of the country, in the guise of someone (used in a humorous and ironic form), as a guest, as a bonus, in contrast to someone, in the direction of the home, in the field of economics, in relation to a friend , in favor of the accused, in favor of the team, in turn, within the norm, throughout the evening, in counter-circumstances, in contrast to the opponent, in the region of seventy people (newspaper and business style), within the limits of the law, as a result of an accident, in the role of a father, in the light of events, due to circumstances, in the event of loss, in a reasonable sense, accompanied by an adult, towards home, towards a friend, in the service sector, towards a partner, within an hour, in labor market conditions, in honor of a friend, in honor anniversary, during events, for the purpose of economy, outside the boundaries of the law, outside the limits of what is permissible, outside the framework of the law, outside the scope of services, during a lesson, in the name of friendship, as a result of an experiment, with the exception of events, at the expense of a friend, at the expense of a vacation, based on the above , like a figure, on the subject of work (official and business style), throughout life, on the path of difficulties, at the address of a friend (business), front line (newspaper, official, business), as it increases, according to the example of what has been said, regarding assessments, due to being late, on the occasion of an anniversary celebration, in part of work, under the guise of a friend, under the pretext of illness, with the help of a friend, with the help of funds, through an acquaintance, subject to fulfillment, with the help of a friend, with the help of work, for the purpose of work, from neighbors, through a friend, with a negation, unlike you. There are a number of cases when, when writing primitive prepositions, a merger occurs with the case form of a name, in such cases the preposition becomes a prefix: in view of what, due to a showdown, like a neighbor. All of the listed compound denominative prepositions are combined with the words in the genitive case, among them there are only a few that agree in the dative case: in contrast, in contrast, in contrast, not as an example.
Most of these prepositions are unambiguous, since they express relations corresponding to the lexical meanings of the nouns with which they relate. Prepositions are ambiguous: in the direction, in favor, about, in part, from the side, on the way2) Compound nominal prepositions with two primitive prepositions: depending on the circumstances, in the direction of a friend, to home, in response to sympathy, in contrast to friend, in connection with events, in accordance with the law, in commonwealth with society, in community with company, in accordance with the point, in comparison with a friend, away from home, away from home, in unison with a friend (book), to the level of the arch, on the way to happiness, towards the house, in relation to the neighbor, compared to last year. Like compound, adverbial prepositions are used with a concluding primitive. In the case of the above-mentioned prepositions, the case of the attached noun is predetermined by this concluding preposition: with the concluding preposition from, this is the genitive case (depending on, in contrast to, aside from, aside from), with the concluding to, the dative case (on the way to, towards, in relation to), when concluding with - accusative case (in response to), when concluding with - instrumental case (in connection with, in agreement with, in commonwealth with, in community with, in accordance with, in comparison with, in unison with, in level with, led by, compared with). Almost all prepositions of the second group are unambiguous. 3) Simple denominative prepositions: about one hundred and ten words, temperature about two thousand degrees, through study, through decision ,Ivanov type, centrifuge type device. Such prepositions are unambiguous: the relationships they express correspond to the lexical semantics of the motivating nouns. Verbal prepositions in form are gerunds, in their modern state not related to the paradigm of the verb and carrying the meaning of the relationship. Such prepositions can be simple (1) and compound (2); in the latter case, the form of the gerund is connected to the concluding primitive preposition.1) Simple verbal prepositions include: thanks to the news, a friend, including me, recent events, ending with a circumstance, starting with a joyful event, not reaching a friend, to the house, not counting Ivanov, recent events, after an hour, after a minute, after a week, after a year, after a month, after a certain amount of time, having passed each other, after a time (combinable with the same nouns as pogoya), considering joy. The case form of the name attached by such a preposition is predetermined by the nature of the strong connection of the corresponding verb. The exception is the prepositions thanks and without reaching, which have their own combinability: to thank a friend, but thanks to events, thanks to a friend; not to reach a friend, work, but without reaching the occasion. All such prepositions are unambiguous. The relationships expressed by them are based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs; the exception is the preposition thanks, which in modern language has its own abstract meaning of reason, occasion. 2) Compound verbal prepositions include: looking by appearance, looking by circumstances, judging by behavior, regardless of circumstances, despite relationships, not getting to work, not reaching the friend, based on the above, starting with coffee, starting with a friend. Case forms with these prepositions reproduce the connections of the corresponding verbs: look, look (meaning reason, decide) on an issue, judge by actions, look at circumstances, etc. All such prepositions are unambiguous. The relationships they express are based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs. Non-primitive denominative prepositions are at different stages of departure from the significant words that motivate them. Many of these prepositions have completely lost their common lexical meaning, paradigmatic connections and features of syntactic commonality with the corresponding names; such, for example, are the following prepositions: in view of (events), in the form of (friend), through (reading), by (deception) due to (circumstances), during (year), as a result of (experiment), as a (bonus), about (work, friend), according to (circumstances). However, in very many cases, compound denominative prepositions have living and close paradigmatic and semantic connections with the corresponding noun, as well as some of its syntactic features. Expressing relationships, such prepositions simultaneously carry an element of objective meaning. This includes such compound prepositions as: without the help of (friend, computer), without accompaniment (adult), within the borders of (city), as a sign of (gratitude), in the field of (science), for the benefit of (team), in connection with (illness) , as opposed to (partner), in the role of (father), in the conditions of (market), on the basis of (stated), at the address of (addressee), under the pretext of (illness), through the mediation of (director), in agreement with (partner). Such prepositions can be called prepositional combinations (sometimes they are also called “prepositional” combinations). Signs that these combinations do not completely belong to the class of prepositions are given below. 1) Many of these prepositional combinations, unlike prepositions themselves, relate selectively to those nouns with the case form of which they are connected: these can be nouns or only animate or only inanimate : within the boundaries of the city (but not anyone), in the field of economics (but not anyone), outside the bounds of what is permissible (but not anyone), in line (but not someone), in the role of a father (but not something), in community with a friend ( but not with anything). Such selectivity is determined and explained by the lexical meaning of the noun that is part of the prepositional combination. It is significant at the same time that the meaning of the relation contained in such a prepositional combination may turn out to be stronger than this lexical factor, and then there is no selective attitude towards animate and inanimate names; for example: in the name of love, in the name of friendship, in the name of friends, in honor of the anniversary, in honor of a friend, at the expense of a friend, with the help of a friend, with the help of money, with the help of a friend, with the help of money, through a friend, not as an example to a martyr, in accordance with the law, in agreement with the spouse (compare: the name of a friend, the help of a friend). 2) In many cases, a name included in a prepositional combination retains the ability to take a compatible adjective: to behave within the boundaries of what is permitted - within the established boundaries of what is permitted , acts as a pacifier – in a dubious role as a pacifier, flew in the conditions of the polar night – in unfavorable conditions of the polar night, did not receive a visitor under the pretext of being busy – under the unconvincing pretext of being busy, came for the purpose of helping – with the noble purpose of helping, acts depending on the circumstances -depending directly on the circumstances, work in collaboration with engineers -in close collaboration with engineers, is on the path to success -on the right path to success. With the introduction of such a consistent word, the prepositional combination loses its service function, and the name that receives the definition restores all its objective properties. However, in very many cases the agreed word can no longer be included in the prepositional combination,
for example: as a sign of gratitude, in relation to the accused, throughout the evening, as a result of an accident, on the subject of friendship, as it grows. ; at the expense of the collective farm - at his expense; on the part of the buyers - on their part, on the part of them; in favor of the victim - in his favor - in favor of him), a prepositional combination that does not fully belong to the class of prepositions allows the replacement of such a name with demonstrative words" this”, “such” and instrumental case: acts on the basis of instructions - on this, on such a basis; refused under the pretext of being busy - under this, under such an excuse; acts as a pacifier - in this, in such a role, an expert in practical jokes - in this part. Like phenomena, a name that receives an agreed upon definition loses its function as a connecting unit, i.e. the prepositional combination breaks up. The lexical meaning of a preposition as an individual word is the meaning of one or another relationship. This relationship can be either maximally abstract, broad, or more concrete and definite, narrow. However, in any case, the preposition has a lexical meaning; only the degree of its abstraction is different. The preposition “due to” means cause, effect. For example: in view of the upcoming frosts, we need to stock up on firewood. The derivative preposition “in view of” is a specialized means of communication. It basically retains the lexical meaning of the word from which it is derived, and is capable of independently expressing causal semantics. The overwhelming majority of prepositional forms with the meaning of cause are characterized as bookish, and therefore are used in written forms of Russian speech. Written forms of bookish speech include texts of scientific, official business, journalistic (newspaper and magazine) and artistic styles. It is worth noting that errors in the use of such prepositions are related precisely because the native speaker becomes familiar with them much later than with non-derivative prepositions. Thus, schoolchildren practically do not use the prepositions “in view” (as well as the prepositions “due to”, “along with”, etc.). The use of a derivative preposition is typical for texts of the scientific and official business style of speech. The preposition in view is not easy to differentiate by meaning, since it has the same - book - coloring along with the prepositions due to, as a result, in force. The use of this derivative preposition is related to its internal form: the preposition “in view” indicates an upcoming event that is taken into account. In linguistic and linguodidactic literature, the nature of lexemes combined with a given preposition is also indicated. For example, the preposition - in view of is combined with the name of a reason expected in the future. The preposition in view is used: 1) If you want to make a statement emphatically official (often in business documents): “We are currently not supplying this product due to the lack of necessary packaging” (from a business letter); cf.: “Currently we are not supplying this product due to lack of necessary packaging” (less formal). 2) If the reason is an event expected in the future: “In view of the upcoming competition, the athletes are training a lot.” A preposition is used to motivate a person's actions.
Constructions with a derived preposition in view, as a rule, denote an external reason and express relationships that are detailed on the basis of the lexical semantics of the word from which the preposition is derived. The typical meaning of such constructions is mostly created with nouns that denote:
Events and phenomena, namely social events and phenomena: elections, declaration, departure, negotiations, signing, events.
Physical phenomena: explosion, emissions, drainage, inspection.
Natural phenomena: storm, wind, rain, heat, frost, drought, frost, frost, flood.
Actions and processes: impact, influence, pressure, action.
Properties and characteristics: opportunity, complexity, employment.
Unstudied (problems), necessity, studied (problems). Construction, in view of + R. p. actively takes into its composition the words of the semantic groups listed above: “In view of the importance of this project, the commission decided to consider it first.” In the reference book D.E. Rosenthal's preposition in view refers to prepositions expressing causal relations (thanks to, as a result of, in view of, in connection with, due to, because of, for the reason, etc.). When using them, their inherent semantic nuances are usually taken into account:
In view of the upcoming departure.
Due to the upcoming departure. As we can see, the use of the preposition in view is preferable, because the departure is still pending and has no “consequences” yet. On the other hand, the idea is more accurately expressed in the combination “to provide leave due to illness” than in the combination “to provide leave due to illness” (it would turn out that the illness, which has already become a fact, must still occur); cf.: I am writing to you from the village, where I went due to sad circumstances (Pushkin). The sentence “Due to natural disasters, the country is forced to import food” is ambiguous (either a fact that has already occurred is being stated, or it is talking about recurring natural disasters). In conclusion of this work, we can say that this work made it possible to identify the meaning of the preposition in view, also in this work there were classifications of prepositions by V.V. Vinogradov are proposed, which are based on several approaches: 1. Functionality of prepositions.2. Lexical meaning of prepositions.3. Prepositional control. The classification of all prepositions is relevant, since most prepositions have their own lexical meaning. In addition, they denote a specific type of relationship between objects and phenomena of real reality. Primary prepositions are combined into a small and non-replenishing group of simple words that are not connected by living word-formation relations with any significant words. Almost all such prepositions are ambiguous. Many of them are capable of combining with more than one case form of a name. Non-primitive prepositions are prepositions that have living word-formation relationships and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (gerunds).
Derivative preposition meaning is a specialized means of communication. It basically retains the lexical meaning of the word from which it is derived, and is capable of independently expressing causal semantics.
Links to sources 1. Vinogradov, V.V. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. Moscow, 19722. Vsevolodova, M.V., Yashchenko, T.Ya. Cause-and-effect relationships in modern Russian language. Moscow, 1988. 3. Zolotova, G.A. Syntactic dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax. Moscow, 1988.4. Zolotova, G.A., Onipenko, N.K., Sidorova, M.Yu. Communicative grammar of the Russian language. Moscow, 1998.5. Krasilnikova, L.V. Expression of cause-and-effect relationships // Communicative syntax of the Russian language. Textbook for foreign master's students in linguistics. Moscow, 2013.6. Krasilnikova, L.V. Ways of expressing cause-and-effect relationships in texts on literary criticism // Slovo. Grammar. Speech. Moscow, 1999.7. Mamaeva S.V., Shmulskaya L.S. Grammatical features of the discursive activity of teenage schoolchildren // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. ON THE. Nekrasova. 2011. T. 17. No. 2. P. 182186.8.Markova, V.A. Expressing adverbial relations in Russian: Cause, effect, purpose, condition, concession, time: A manual for foreign students. Moscow, 2016.9. Odintsova, I.V. Expression of cause-and-effect relationships // Book of grammar. Moscow, 2004.10. Odintsova, I.V. Structural communicative models with causal semantics in a simple sentence // Vestn. Moscow University. Ser. 9. Philology. 2002.No. 1.11. Rosenthal, D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. Moscow, 1974.12.Russian grammar 1980, volume 1,582.13.Teremova, R.M. Experience in functional description of causal constructs. L., 1985.14. Timoshina, T.V. Constructions with causal prepositional forms in artistic, newspaper-journalistic and scientific styles of speech: Author's abstract. dis. Ph.D. Philol. Sci. Voronezh, 1987.15. Shuvalova, S.A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence and ways of expressing them. Moscow, 1990.
§ 145. Some features of the use of Russian prepositions in comparison with Ukrainian ones
Primitive prepositions, the most ancient in origin, are common to all East Slavic languages. However, there are differences in the use of prepositions in the Russian and Ukrainian languages.
In russian language V And at- different prepositions: preposition V used with the accusative or prepositional case and expresses spatial, temporal relationships, measure and weight, transformation into a new quality, image and method of action, etc. Preposition at used only with the genitive case, expresses the affiliation or place near which the action takes place. In the Ukrainian language there are prepositions V And at they do not differ in function, it is essentially one preposition in two phonetic varieties, which is used with three cases - genitive, accusative and prepositional and performs the same functions as Russian prepositions V And u. Wed: Russian Lived in Kyiv, now lives in Odessa; Ask your father; Take it from Andrey and Ukrainian Lived near Kiev, now lives in Odessa; Sleep with your dad; Take it to Andria.
Prepositions in Russian With And from- different in meaning and use.
Pretext With used with the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases. In combination with the genitive case, it expresses spatial relations (movement from the surface), time or source of action; with the accusative case - an approximate measure of time, space or comparison; with the instrumental - compatibility and image or method of action. Pretext from is used only with the genitive case and expresses movement from within, a source of information, reason, material, or separation from a collection of homogeneous objects. Pretext With opposite in meaning to the preposition to: from shore - to shore; came from the North - went to the North; translation from Ukrainian - translation into Ukrainian; pretext from opposite of preposition in: from school to school; from Moscow - to Moscow.
In the Ukrainian language there are prepositions With And from merged into one pretext h(its options iz, zi, zo, izo), which is used with the genitive, accusative and instrumental cases: from the shore, from Moscow, from the river, from the mountains (zavbilshki), from my brother, from me; Wed from the shore - to the shore, from the school - to the school.
Pretext To in Russian it is used with the dative case and denotes direction towards some spatial or temporal limit, accession, addition of something to something. Russian constructions with preposition To in Ukrainian the corresponding preposition is before with genitive case: to you - to you. Pretext before exists in the Russian language, but in Ukrainian it is more polysemantic, and Ukrainian constructions with the preposition before in many cases translated by constructions with prepositions VC, Sometimes on And by: having arrived to Kiev - arrived in Kyiv; love to practice - love of work; son like father - son like father; braid to the waist - braid to the waist (and waist-deep).
Russian constructions with preposition By in the Ukrainian language they often correspond to constructions with prepositions h: exam in physics - exam (exam) in physics; for: grieving for your son - grieving for your son, going with the flow - swimming with the flow (for the water); to: similar in taste - similar (similar) to relish; call by name - call by name; by appearance - by sight; y (v): came on business - came from the right; on weekends - on weekends; after: upon return - after turning back.
In Russian the preposition through in combination with the accusative case expresses spatial and temporal relationships. In Ukrainian, in addition to these meanings, the preposition through also denotes causal relationships expressed by the Russian preposition because of: did not show up due to illness - not showing up due to illness; because of what - through what; because of you - through you.
Russian pretext o (about, about) in combination with the prepositional case, object relations are expressed that correspond to the Ukrainian constructions of the accusative case with a preposition about or for: we talked about sister - we talked about sister (for sister).
(“Russian language”, V.I. Kononenko, M.A. Britsyn, D.I. Ganich, I don’t remember the year, but this manual was published in Soviet times)
The preposition between (between) is used with two cases: genitive and instrumental, for example: 1) Our poor village was lost between the tall grains. (N.); 2) The pauses between shots were more painful than the shots themselves. (M. G.) In the modern Russian literary language, the preposition between is more often used with the instrumental case.
With verbs of feeling (to grieve, cry, grieve, yearn, miss, miss, etc.), the preposition po is used with the dative case, for example: grieve for a son, cry for a father, grieve for a husband, yearn for one’s native village, miss Mikhailovsky . But personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons with the indicated verbs are often placed in the prepositional case, for example: crying for you, grieving for us. It is erroneous to use the preposition for with the instrumental case after the marked verbs, for example: “He misses you,” “She misses you.”
After verbs of movement (walk, walk, run, move, climb, wander, etc.), the preposition po is used with the dative case: walked along the meadow (through the meadows), walked through the forest (through the forests), ran along the shore (along the banks ), wandered around the field (through the fields), etc.
The preposition po with the prepositional case is used with the meaning “after something”, for example: upon expiration of a period, upon arrival at a place, upon graduation from school, upon arrival in the city.
After the preposition, the pronouns how many and several are put in the dative case, for example: How many notebooks were given to each student? I was not home for several days.
The preposition for numerals denoting the quantity that each has, or denoting the price of each, etc., is used with the following cases: 1) with the accusative case for the numerals two, two, three, four, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred (gave out according to two, three, four pencils; they gave out two hundred, three hundred, four hundred rubles); 2) with the dative case for other numerals: one, ..., five,..., ten, ..., twenty,..., forty, ..., fifty, ..., ninety, ... , one hundred (they gave out one at a time, five at a time, ten at a time, forty at a time, fifty at a time...); 3) the numerals five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred, one and a half, one and a half are especially combined (five hundred, six hundred, etc., one and a half, one and a half).
The prepositions thanks to, according to, in spite of are used with the dative case, for example: thanks to your advice, according to your desire, contrary to your prediction.
The meaning of the preposition thanks determines its combination only with nouns that have a positive meaning, indicating something for which gratitude can be given: thanks to your advice, thanks to sunny weather, etc. Therefore, for example, a sentence like “The train crashed due to the negligence of the switchman” wrong.
Three more adverbial prepositions are used with the dative case: towards, like, contrary, for example: 1) I rushed towards my brother. 2) Like the rumble of distant thunder, the dull noise of a waterfall was heard behind the forest. 3) He did everything against the wishes of his family.
Write down these phrases, putting the words in brackets in the correct case.
Miss (hometown), wander around (park and grove), climb up (stairs), arrive at (graduation from college), return at (completion of construction), inquire at (arrival in the capital), tell at (return from a business trip) , report on (end of the expedition), pay (three hundred eight rubles), buy (twenty-three) notebooks, act contrary to (desire), act contrary to (advice), leave according to (instruction), achieve a good harvest thanks to (correct cultivation of fields), go out to meet (runners), sing like (nightingale).
Copy it by putting the words in brackets in the correct case. Underline the prepositions relating to the words in brackets.
225
8 - V. F. Grekov
1) Between (business and leisure) she discovered the secret of how to autocratically rule a spouse. (P.) 2) Among the (highlanders), the prisoner observed their faith, morals, and upbringing. (P.) 3) I am always glad to notice the difference between (Onegin) and (me). (P.) 4) Don’t bother (lovely dreams). (Hold) 5) He missed (his uncle). (T.) 6) The moon is creeping across (the sky). (P.) 7) Somewhere a country lane winds in a whimsical twist, and a cart gallops briskly along. (S.-Shch.) 8) After (graduating) from the university, he went to work in the village. 9) Upon (arrival) at the place, we went to the commandant. 10) After the vacation period (expiration), he returned to the factory. 11) All the houses were built the same way: the facade faced south, there were (ten) windows on each facade, (six) windows on each western wall, (six) on the eastern wall, and (six) on the back, on the north side, ( four) windows. 12) According to (instructions from army headquarters), the detachment was supposed to move to the Dvina. (N. Nik.) 13) We drove (five hundred) and sometimes (six hundred) kilometers a day. 14) They will see each other, they will sit for (several) hours together every day. (Garsh.) 15) In St. Petersburg, contrary to (his own expectations), he was lucky. (T.)
16) Thanks (lots of new impressions), the day passed unnoticed for Kapi-tanka. (Ch.)
Copy using the prepositions thanks to, due to or as a result of and putting the nouns in the correct case.
1) ... (expected frosts) the palm trees were removed to the greenhouse. 2) ... (repair of the railway track) the train arrived late. 3) ... (courage and self-control) of the driver, the accident was prevented. 4) Part of the embankment was flooded... (rapid rise of water) in the river. 5) ... (upcoming tournament) the chess players trained hard. 6) ... (correct treatment and attentive care) the patient soon recovered.
Source: Grekov V.F.. Russian language. Grades 10-11: textbook. for general education institutions / V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, JL A. Cheshko. - 4th ed. - M.: Education, 2011. - 368 p.. 2011(original)
A significant part of prepositions belongs to stylistically neutral vocabulary: in, on, behind, between, about, before, on and many more etc. Some prepositions have a bookish connotation and are used primarily in bookish styles of speech, for example: contrary to, in accordance with, to the extent of, in relation to, in relation to, in person, besides, in connection and some etc.
A number of prepositions control not one, but different cases of nouns (see above); These prepositional-case combinations can differ both in meaning and in stylistic properties, as well as in usage: some combinations are characteristic of the modern language, while others are obsolete. There are also incorrect, from the point of view of literary norms, ways of connecting a preposition with a noun.
Let us give examples illustrating all of these cases.
With verbs “feelings”: grieve, cry, grieve, grieve, miss, miss etc. - preposition By used with the dative case, for example: grieve by son, cry on my father's side, grieve by husband, yearn By to my native village, miss By Mikhailovsky. But personal pronouns with the indicated verbs are placed in the prepositional case, for example: pinching for him(possibly for him), cries for you, grieves for us etc. Sometimes there is a use in a sentence. case not only of pronouns, but also of nouns, for example: grieves for his son, cries for his father, misses Mikhailovsky etc. This use of nouns is considered either obsolete or dialectal. It is completely wrong to use it after the marked verbs.
pretext behind with the instrumental case, for example: He misses you; she's sad For you.
In modern language, the use of the preposition “feeling” after these verbs is increasingly developing O with prepositional case: grieving about my son yearns about my husband misses about my brother and so on.
After shifting verbs" (walk, walk, run, move, climb, wander etc.) preposition By used with the dative case: walked through the meadow (through the meadows), walked through the forest (through the forests), ran along the shore (along the shores), moved on rails, climbed on the stairs (on the stairs), wandered by field (by fields) and so on.
Pretext By with the prepositional case is used in book speech with the meaning “after something”, for example: after deadline, By arrival in place at the end schools, By arrival in the city. Previously, along with the prepositional case, the dative case was used, for example: I I already wrote to the Tsar immediately after the investigation was completed. (P.) After a short meeting, we decided... (G.) Now the use of the dative case in such combinations is considered erroneous.
After the preposition By pronouns How many And some are put in the dative case, for example: Because the Did you give each student a notebook? Several disappeared from home for days.(We also accept a wine pad: By how many, several).
Pretext By with numerals denoting the quantity that each person has, or denoting the price of each, etc., is used with the following cases: 1) with the accusative case with numerals two, two, three, four, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred (issued two, three, four pencil; issued two hundred, three hundred, four hundred rubles): 2) with the dative case for other numerals: one, five,...
ten.... twenty, ... forty, ... fifty, ... ninety, one hundred (issued one at a time, five at a time, forty at a time, fifty at a time, ...): In modern language, combinations with the accusative case are becoming increasingly common: five, ten , fifty each, which until recently were assessed as vernacular; 3) numerals are especially combined five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred, one and a half, one and a half (five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred And etc., one and a half, one and a half).
Lately the excuse By is actively used instead of other prepositions, and is also used in constructions that were previously non-prepositional, for example: program on literature (instead of literature program), lecture in history (instead of lecture on history), meeting on livestock farming, competitions swimming, master for repairs (compare: meeting on livestock farming, swimming competition, repairman) and so on.
Prepositions thanks, in agreement, in spite of used with the dative case, for example: thanks to your advice, according to to your desire, contrary to your prediction.
Pretext thanks to is a gerund in origin. Compare: 1) Thanks to father , we began to say goodbye to him(gerund); 2) Thanks to despite the heavy spring rains, the spring breads were excellent(pretext).
Participle thanks to used with the accusative case; the lexical meaning of the gerund determines its predominant combination with animate nouns, the accusative case of which coincides in form with the genitive (thanks to brother, thanks to teacher for help etc
P.). The influence of the accusative animate forms obviously explains the use after the preposition thanks to nouns in the genitive case, for example: “thanks to the advice”, “thanks to the spring rains”, etc. This use is incorrect.
The lexical meaning of the preposition thanks to determines its combination with nouns that have a “positive” meaning, denoting something to which gratitude can be given, for example: thanks to your advice..., thanks to the sunny weather... etc. Therefore, combinations like The train crashed due to the negligence of the switchman should be considered unsuccessful.
Pretext according to is an adverb in origin. Previously it was used in combination with the primitive preposition With; with this combination the noun was placed in the instrumental case, for example: Savelich, agrees with the opinion the coachman, advised him to turn back. (P.) This combination is considered quite literary in modern language, but it is rare. Instead, the preposition is more often used according to with the dative case, for example: According to yours order The company has been assembled for inspection. Revolutions with preposition according to more typical of business speech, in which sometimes with the preposition according to genitive case occurs (according to your order), which is contrary to the literary norm.
On pretext contrary to which is adverbial in origin, the dative case is also used in literary speech, for example: Contrary to prediction my companion, the weather has cleared. (L.)(Compare the dative case of the verb contradict.) In real speech, sometimes there is an erroneous use of the genitive case.
Three more adverbial prepositions are used with the dative case: towards, like, contrary, For example: I) I rushed towards my brother. 2) Like rumbling Beyond the distant thunder behind the forest, the dull sound of a waterfall could be heard. 3) He did everything contrary to wishes relatives. In the use of the dative case with prepositions towards And like errors are rare; more often they mistakenly use the genitive case with a preposition contrary to: this is obviously due to the influence of the synonymous preposition against, which combines with the genitive case (against my wishes, But against will).
There are many spelling rules in the Russian language. Most of them cause writing difficulties not only for schoolchildren and foreigners who study Russian, but also for adults. One of these rules is the spelling of prepositions. Mainly the problem is finding them correctly. With simple non-derivative prepositions, everything is more or less clear, and most people do not have difficulty finding them. But in the Russian language there is another group of words that, depending on the context, can refer to different parts of speech. These are derived prepositions that come from adverbs, nouns or gerunds. They are so difficult to write that many people have great difficulty encountering them in the text.
Characteristics of derived prepositions
All prepositions in the Russian language are auxiliary parts of speech that do not have their own meaning and morphological characteristics. They serve as a connecting link between words in a sentence and are used to build a grammatically correct and competent construction. Derivative prepositions in the Russian language appeared relatively recently. They originated from significant parts of speech due to the loss of their own morphological characteristics and meaning. Because of this, their spelling often differs from the original words, causing spelling difficulties. They are used quite often in speech, so every literate person should be able to find them and write them correctly.
Features of this part of speech
1. Derivative prepositions can be simple, consisting of one word, for example, “near”, “around”, “thanks to”, “towards” and others. But many of them consist of two words, retaining the form they had as a significant part of speech. Usually this is a combination of a non-derivative preposition with a noun, so merged with it in meaning and grammatically that it is often perceived as one word. For example: “with the help”, “for lack of”, “not counting”, “at the expense”, “to the extent” and others.
2. The spelling of such prepositions needs to be memorized, because most often it is not regulated by any rules. In difficult cases, you need to check a spelling dictionary. The greatest difficulty is in writing the prepositions “during”, “in continuation”, “as a result”, “subsequently”.
3. To determine that a derivative preposition, and not an independent part of speech, is used in a sentence, you need to replace it with another preposition or conjunction. For example, “as a result” - “because of”, “about” - “about”, “towards” - “to”, “like” - “how”.
4. There is a small group of derived prepositions that are difficult to distinguish from the independent parts of speech from which they originated. This causes difficulties in writing them. In this case, you can only understand the meaning in the context. These words are: “about”, “as a result of”, “thanks to”, “despite” and others.
Types of derivative prepositions
All prepositions under consideration are divided into three groups depending on what part of speech they came from.
1. Adverbial prepositions, that is, derived prepositions formed from adverbs, have retained their meaning. Basically they indicate the time and location of an object in space. For example, “near the house”, “after school”, “inside the box” and others.
2. Denominal prepositions are so called because they are formed from a noun. They can denote spatial, temporal, causal or object relations. This is a fairly large group of prepositions, and they are the ones that most often cause spelling difficulties, for example: “in connection”, “to the extent”, “about”, “like”, “on arrival” and others.
3. Verbal prepositions originate from gerunds, which have lost their meaning of additional action. They are closely related to nouns and are usually used with only one case. For example: “thanks to (what?)”, “in spite of (what?)”, “despite (what?)”.
What meanings do they have?
Each derived preposition, when combined with nouns, gives it a specific meaning. Most often they are used with one case, but you can also ask adverbial questions about them. The most common meanings of derived prepositions:
They denote a certain period of time: “during”, “at the end”, “in completion”, “after” and others;
Causal relations are determined by prepositions: “thanks to”, “in spite of”, “due to”, “as a result of”;
They can indicate the location of an object: “near”, “about”, “opposite”, “in front” and others.
How to learn to write prepositions correctly
The spelling of independent words is regulated by spelling rules. Most people learned them during school and have no difficulty spelling. And derived prepositions do not follow any rules. You need to remember how to write them. But in difficult cases, you can check with a spelling dictionary. The difficulty is most often caused by people’s inability to distinguish sentences with prepositions from constructions with independent parts of speech. If you learn to find these words in the text, there will be fewer mistakes. After all, most people still know the basic rules of spelling.
Ways to search for prepositions in text
1. You need to try to replace the word with another preposition. Each derived preposition has a similar one from the category of non-derivatives, for example, “in view of - because of”, “about - about”, “towards - to”, “following - for” and others. Significant parts of speech are replaced only by synonyms: “for an account - for a book”, “for a meeting - for a date”.
2. Ask a question about the word. If there is a preposition in a sentence, then most likely it will be part of the question, and the answer will be a noun: “I live opposite the school - (opposite what?)” or “(where?) - opposite the school.” And the word, as an independent part of speech, itself answers the question: “this house is opposite - (where?) - opposite.”
3. A derivative preposition cannot be removed from a sentence without losing the meaning and destroying the grammatical structure: “to walk in front of the column - to walk (?) the column.” If you remove the significant part of the speech, then although the meaning will be impoverished, the sentence will not lose its integrity: “he walked ahead - he walked.”
4. They can also be distinguished by meaning. For example, “during the day” is a preposition that denotes a period of time, and “during the river” is a noun that denotes the flow of water.
What derivative prepositions are written together
Among the words of this part of speech there are many that have long been used in the Russian language. Some prepositions have so merged with nouns in meaning that almost no one has any difficulty spelling them. For example, “near”, “like”, “in view of”, “instead of”, “like”, “inside” and others. But there are also words that are written together only when they are used as prepositions. And here you need to be able to distinguish them from significant parts of speech. For example, “due to the rain” is a preposition; you can replace it with the word “due to,” and “as a consequence of the case” is a noun: “(in what?) - as a result.” More examples of frequently used prepositions and their difference with homonymous parts of speech: “towards each other” - “to meet friends”, “about repairs” - “to a bank account”. You also need to remember that “not” in prepositions formed from gerunds is written together: “despite his advanced age (despite what?)” is a preposition, but compare: “he walked without (not looking) around” .
Compound derivative prepositions
Spelling of prepositions that consist of two words also causes difficulties. But they are not associated with the separate spelling of these words, but most often with the letter at the end of the preposition. It needs to be remembered, since basically it is completely different from the nouns from which these words come:
The letter “and” is written at the end of the prepositions “after”, “on arrival”, “at the end”, “in connection”, “in accordance”, “in comparison”, “during”;
You need to remember the spelling of prepositions with the letter “e” at the end: “during”, “in continuation”, “in conclusion”, “in contrast”, “in conclusion”, “in commemoration”, “on arrival”, “on arrival” ";
There is also a group of prepositions that cause almost no difficulties: “by virtue”, “to the extent”, “in connection” and some others.
In order for a person’s speech to be literate, it is necessary to use derivative prepositions as much as possible. They enrich the language, allow you to more accurately express your thoughts and use grammatically correct constructions.