What peoples inhabit Kaliningrad. Population of the Kaliningrad region. Creating conditions for the preservation of national cultures

In 2014 and 2015, the region's population renewed its historical maximums: the first peak was observed in 1999. Population density - 64,06 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 77,67 % (2015).

The demographic characteristics of the region have a long and complex history (including after the region became part of the RSFSR in 1945), which was affected by intense migration processes. After the collapse of the USSR, migration, primarily from the CIS countries, became practically the only source of population growth in the region.

The main population of the Kaliningrad region is Russian (86.4%). The population of the Kaliningrad region was formed as a result of post-war migration (after 1945), mainly from the European regions of the USSR.

1 Before 1945
2 Population dynamics
3 National composition
- 3.1 Ethnic composition by districts and urban districts
4 General map
5 Age composition
6 Natural population movement
7 Migration
- 7.1 German migration
8 Religion
9 See also
10 Notes
11 Literature
12 Links

Before 1945

In the Middle Ages, the region's territory was the habitat of ancient Baltic tribes - the Prussians, related to modern Lithuanians and Latvians, but very quickly subjected to Germanization due to its proximity to the center of German colonization of the region - Königsberg (Kaliningrad). The Germans formed the bulk of the population of the region until 1945, although even before the end of the war a significant part of them fled to the West, and most of the remainder were soon deported. By 1946, the region was almost completely depopulated. After joining the RSFSR, its systematic settlement began by Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, mainly from nearby regions.
The first indigenous resident of the Kaliningrad region was Alexander Anatolyevich Dorofeev, born on July 4, 1946 at 0:01 a.m. in Tapiau (Gvardeysk) in the family of guard Major A. V. Dorofeev, hero of the battles for Königsberg and Pillau.

See also: German population of the Kaliningrad region (1945-1951)

Population dynamics

Population
1950	1959	1970	1979	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994
407 000	↗610 885	↗731 936	↗806 864	↗871 283	↗881 211	↗890 627	↗898 578	↗911 348	↗919 306
1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004
↗933 735	↗940 242	↗944 252	↗952 698	↗961 257	↘958 782	↘957 533	↘955 281	↘954 093	↘949 657
2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘944 979	↘939 887	↘937 353	↗937 404	↘937 360	↗941 873	↘941 823	↗946 796	↗954 773	↗963 128
2015
↗968 944

100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1950 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

National composition

Dynamics of the national composition according to the All-Union and All-Russian censuses (share among persons who indicated their nationality):

	1959 people	%	1979 people	%	1989 people	%	2002 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness	2010 people	% from Total	% from indicating- shih national nal- ness
Total	610885	100,00 %	807985	100,00 %	871159	100,00 %	955281	100,00 %		941873	100,00 %
Russians	473861	77,57 %	632717	78,31 %	683563	78,47 %	786885	82,37 %	83,14 %	772534	82,02 %	86,43 %
Ukrainians	35717	5,85 %	54656	6,76 %	62750	7,20 %	47229	4,94 %	4,99 %	32771	3,48 %	3,67 %
Belarusians	57178	9,36 %	72465	8,97 %	73926	8,49 %	50748	5,31 %	5,36 %	32497	3,45 %	3,64 %
Lithuanians	21262	3,48 %	19647	2,43 %	18116	2,08 %	13937	1,46 %	1,47 %	9769	1,04 %	1,09 %
Armenians	524	0,09 %	953	0,12 %	1620	0,19 %	8415	0,88 %	0,89 %	9226	0,98 %	1,03 %
Germans	648	0,11 %	1218	0,15 %	1307	0,15 %	8340	0,87 %	0,88 %	7349	0,78 %	0,82 %
Tatars	2202	0,36 %	3226	0,40 %	3556	0,41 %	4729	0,50 %	0,50 %	4534	0,48 %	0,51 %
Azerbaijanis	194	0,03 %	664	0,08 %	1881	0,22 %	2959	0,31 %	0,31 %	3282	0,35 %	0,37 %
Poles	3287	0,54 %	4245	0,53 %	4287	0,49 %	3918	0,41 %	0,41 %	2788	0,30 %	0,31 %
Uzbeks	427	0,07 %	320	0,04 %	519	0,06 %	631	0,07 %	0,07 %	2245	0,24 %	0,25 %
Mordva	3360	0,55 %	3678	0,46 %	3482	0,40 %	2320	0,24 %	0,25 %	1600	0,17 %	0,18 %
Chuvash	2786	0,46 %	2668	0,33 %	2671	0,31 %	2027	0,21 %	0,21 %	1384	0,15 %	0,15 %
Gypsies	802	0,13 %	1022	0,13 %	1223	0,14 %	1447	0,15 %	0,15 %	1251	0,13 %	0,14 %
Jews	4520	0,74 %	3816	0,47 %	3200	0,37 %	1599	0,17 %	0,17 %	1123	0,12 %	0,13 %
Moldovans	218	0,04 %	874	0,11 %	1342	0,15 %	1116	0,12 %	0,12 %	1045	0,11 %	0,12 %
Yazidis							504	0,05 %	0,05 %	788	0,08 %	0,09 %
Kazakhs	165	0,03 %	219	0,03 %	522	0,06 %	631	0,07 %	0,07 %	748	0,08 %	0,08 %
Koreans			138	0,02 %	153	0,02 %	651	0,07 %	0,07 %	731	0,08 %	0,08 %
Chechens			38	0,00 %	278	0,03 %	738	0,08 %	0,08 %	655	0,07 %	0,07 %
Georgians	235	0,04 %	473	0,06 %	523	0,06 %	681	0,07 %	0,07 %	578	0,06 %	0,06 %
Latvians	672	0,11 %	986	0,12 %	978	0,11 %	709	0,07 %	0,07 %	516	0,05 %	0,06 %
Tajiks			128	0,02 %	158	0,02 %	309	0,03 %	0,03 %	515	0,05 %	0,06 %
Kyrgyz			25	0,00 %	105	0,01 %	109	0,01 %	0,01 %	482	0,05 %	0,05 %
Lezgins			64	0,01 %	192	0,02 %	359	0,04 %	0,04 %	456	0,05 %	0,05 %
Bashkirs	139	0,02 %	446	0,06 %	503	0,06 %	562	0,06 %	0,06 %	420	0,04 %	0,05 %
Ossetians	182	0,03 %	230	0,03 %	316	0,04 %	433	0,05 %	0,05 %	366	0,04 %	0,04 %
Mari	303	0,05 %	449	0,06 %	570	0,07 %	448	0,05 %	0,05 %	310	0,03 %	0,03 %
Bulgarians			189	0,02 %	269	0,03 %	346	0,04 %	0,04 %	293	0,03 %	0,03 %
Udmurts	183	0,03 %	376	0,05 %	471	0,05 %	382	0,04 %	0,04 %	260	0,03 %	0,03 %
Greeks			88	0,01 %	106	0,01 %	247	0,03 %	0,03 %	221	0,02 %	0,02 %
Avars			49	0,01 %	96	0,01 %	162	0,02 %	0,02 %	217	0,02 %	0,02 %
Estonians	329	0,05 %	378	0,05 %	399	0,05 %	282	0,03 %	0,03 %	185	0,02 %	0,02 %
Ingush			14	0,00 %	102	0,01 %	213	0,02 %	0,02 %	172	0,02 %	0,02 %
Dargins			20	0,00 %	60	0,01 %	127	0,01 %	0,01 %	150	0,02 %	0,02 %
other	1665	0,27 %	1506	0,19 %	1817	0,21 %	2229	0,23 %	0,24 %	2391	0,25 %	0,27 %
indicated nationality	610859	100,00 %	807985	100,00 %	871061	99,99 %	946422	99,07 %	100,00 %	893852	94,90 %	100,00 %
not specified nationality	26	0,00 %	0	0,00 %	98	0,01 %	8859	0,93 %		48021	5,10 %

National composition by regions and urban districts

Ethnic composition by districts and urban districts according to the 2010 census (proportion of those who indicated nationality)

	Russians	Armenians	Belarusians	Lithuanians	Germans	Poles	Ukrainians	Chuvash
Kaliningrad	87,4 %	0,7 %	3,8 %	0,5 %	0,4 %	0,3 %	4,0 %
Ladushkinsky urban district	91,2 %		2,6 %				3,0 %
Mamonovsky urban district	86,7 %		3,7 %		1,2 %		3,7 %
Pionersky urban district	86,4 %		4,5 %				5,0 %
Svetlovsky urban district	86,6 %		5,9 %				3,2 %
Soviet urban district	86,7 %		2,7 %	3,3 %			3,5 %
Yantarny urban district	89,6 %		3,4 %				3,3 %
Bagrationovsky district	85,5 %	2,7 %	2,8 %		1,6 %		3,5 %
Baltiysky district	86,0 %		4,1 %				5,8 %
Gvardeysky urban district	85,5 %	1,1 %	4,6 %	1,0 %	1,2 %		3,3 %
Guryevsky district	86,2 %		3,1 %		1,4 %		3,2 %
Gusevsky district	88,4 %		2,4 %	1,1 %	1,3 %		3,0 %
Zelenogradsky district	86,9 %		3,3 %				3,6 %
Krasnoznamensky district	82,2 %	1,8 %	2,8 %	5,7 %	1,7 %		2,2 %
Nemansky district	83,6 %	1,3 %	3,3 %	5,6 %	1,1 %		2,5 %
Nesterovsky district	84,7 %		3,1 %	3,4 %	2,1 %		2,5 %
Ozersky urban district (Kaliningrad region)	82,8 %	5,1 %	3,0 %		2,2 %	1,1 %	2,5 %
Polessky district	85,9 %		2,7 %	1,2 %	1,7 %		2,3 %	1,9 %
Pravdinsky district	79,6 %	4,4 %	8,2 %		1,9 %		2,7 %
Svetlogorsk district	88,1 %		3,5 %				4,1 %
Slavsky district	81,9 %	3,2 %	2,4 %	6,5 %	1,2 %		1,8 %
Chernyakhovsky district	84,9 %	1,4 %	3,3 %	1,2 %	1,4 %		4,1 %

General Map

Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the real population is displayed):

Kaliningrad Sovetsk Chernyakhovsk Baltiysk Gusev Svetly Gvardeysk Zelenogradsk Guryevsk Pionersky Neman Svetlogorsk Mamonovo Polessk Bagrationovsk Yantarny Ozersk Vasilkovo Slavsk Nesterov Pravdinsk Znamensk Krasnoznamensk Bolshoye Isakovo Zheleznodorozhny Ladushkin Donskoye Primorsk Dolgorukovo Yuzhny Ozerki Bolshakovo Khrabrovo Kornevo Seaside Nivenskoye Dobrovolsk Lyublino Kolosovka Yasnoye Chernyshevskoye Ilyushino Zalesye Populated areas of the Kaliningrad region

Age composition

The population of the region, formed as a result of migration processes after 1945, has a younger age structure than the population of the Russian Federation as a whole.

at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
68,7	↘68,5	↘67,2	↘64,2	↘62,9	↗64,7	↗65,7	↗65,9	↘65,8

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘64,9	↘63,6	↘63,0	↘62,2	↘61,4	↗61,4	↗61,5	↗64,1	↗65,8

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗66,5	↗67,7	↗68,8	↗69,9	↗70,1	↗70,5

Natural population movement

The younger age structure of the region's population is reflected in higher birth rates and lower death rates. In 2011, thanks to the intensive influx of migrants, the total population of the region increased by +0.44% despite the presence of a slight natural decline.

Fertility (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
15,6	↗16,0	↘15,3	↗15,6	↘12,7	↘8,6	↘8,0	↘7,6	↗8,1

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘7,4	↗8,0	↗8,1	↗9,0	↗9,3	↘9,1	↘8,9	↗9,3	↗10,9

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗11,3	↗11,5	↘11,4	↗11,8	↗12,4	↗12,5	↗12,7

Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
6,2	↗7,2	↗8,7	↗9,2	↗9,8	↗13,6	↘13,1	↗13,1	↗13,4

1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗14,2	↗15,4	↗16,3	↗17,5	↗18,0	↗18,1	↗18,1	↘16,5	↘15,4

2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↘15,3	↘14,6	↘14,2	↘13,3	↘13,2	↗13,2	↗13,3

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996
9,4	↘8,8	↘6,6	↘6,4	↘2,9	↘-5,0	↘-5,1

1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003
↘-5,5	↗-5,3	↘-6,8	↘-7,4	↘-8,2	↘-8,5	↘-8,7

2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
↘-9,0	↘-9,2	↗-7,2	↗-4,5	↗-4,0	↗-3,1	↗-2,8

2011	2012	2013	2014
↗-1,5	↗-0,8	↗-0,7	↗-0,6

Migration

Dynamics of population in the region in 1946-1958:

Years	Profits, people	Dropped out, people.	Share of people leaving, %
1946	81 566	8 428	10
1947	146 853	39 722	27
1948	153 642	51 873	34
1949	112 743	52 134	46
1950	108 780	63 430	58
1951	95 078	65 304	69
1952	87 022	73 998	85
1953	96 074	63 977	67
1954	95 652	79 907	84
1955	78 644	83 044	106
1956	79 946	76 932	96
1957	74 792	79 530	106
1958	75 591	81 725	108
1946-1958	1 286 383	820 004	64

The migration situation in the Kaliningrad region, in contrast to neighboring Lithuania and Poland, is characterized by an intense migration influx of population (with a migration balance of about +4 people per 1000 inhabitants in 2006; for comparison in Lithuania -5 people per 1000 inhabitants, 2009) .

Mostly Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians from Central Asia and Siberia migrate to the region, with small groups of Armenians and Azerbaijanis arriving. The region also attracts a small number of Russian-speaking migrants from the neighboring Baltic countries, which is explained by the unfriendly policies of the Baltic governments towards the Russian language. According to the 2010 census, only 50.8% of the population of the Kaliningrad region were born in the region.

According to Kaliningradstat, in 2009–2013, the migration increase in the region amounted to 30,800 people, which was 67.5% formed by CIS countries, residents of other regions of Russia - by 30.9%, other countries - by 1.6%.

German migration

In the early 1990s, the first streams of Russian Germans from Kazakhstan and Siberia began to arrive in the region, who, however, soon repatriated to Germany. According to the 2002 census, 8.34 thousand Germans lived in the region (0.9% of the population). But it was after 2000 that prospects for a new migration wave of Germans emerged, including the return of some Russian Germans from Germany.

Religion

Main article: Religion in the Kaliningrad region

According to a large-scale survey by the Sreda research service conducted in 2012, the item “I believe in God (a higher power), but I don’t profess a specific religion” in the Kaliningrad region was chosen by 34% of respondents, “I profess Orthodoxy and belong to the Russian Orthodox Church” - 31% , “I don’t believe in God” - 22%, “I profess Christianity, but do not consider myself a member of any of the Christian denominations” - 1%, “I profess Catholicism” - 1%. The rest are less than 1%.

Notes

1 2 Resident population estimates as of January 1, 2015 and 2014 average (published March 17, 2015). Retrieved March 18, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015.
KaliningradToday → The migration increase in the population of the Kaliningrad region for two months of 2015 amounted to 993 people
The Great Patriotic War. Anniversary statistical collection. 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015.
All-Union Population Census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to census data as of January 15, 1970 for republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
All-Union Population Census 1979
All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2010
All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
population census 2010_vol.1.xlsx All-Union population census 2010. Kaliningrad region. Table 10. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements. Retrieved November 28, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-228.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
Censuses of the Russian Empire, USSR, 15 newly independent states
Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Kaliningrad region
Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1979. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Kaliningrad region
Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: Kaliningrad region
All-Russian Population Census 2002: Population by nationality and Russian language proficiency by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
All-Russian population census 2010. Official results with expanded lists by national composition of the population and by region: see.
4th volume of the census
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
According to preliminary estimates by Rosstat, the permanent population of Russia at the beginning of 2012 is 143 million people
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
Kostyashov Yu. V. Secret history of the Kaliningrad region. Essays 1945-1956 - Kaliningrad: Terra Baltica, 2009. - P. 104. with reference to materials from GARF.
KaliningradToday → In the Kaliningrad region, migration growth over 5 years exceeded 30 thousand people
Arena (Atlas of religions and nationalities of Russia)
Kaliningrad region. Religion

Literature

Kostyashov Yu. V. Secret history of the Kaliningrad region. Essays 1945-1956 - Kaliningrad: Terra Baltika, 2009. - 352 p. - 1500 copies. - ISBN 978-5-98777-028-3.

Links

The Kaliningrad region and Germany divide the Germans

Kaliningrad region

Municipal-territorial division:

Population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
Republic	Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Komi Crimea Mari El Mordovia Sakha (Yakutia) North Ossetia Tatarstan Tyva Udmurtia Khakassia Chechnya Chuvashia
The edges	Altai Transbaikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk
Regions	Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Ivanovo Irkutsk Kaliningradskaya Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Orel Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Samara Saratov Sakhalin Sverdlovsk Smolensk Tambov Tver Tomsk Tula Tyumen Ulyanovsk Chelyabinsk Yaroslavl
Federal cities	Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol
Autonomous region	Jewish
Autonomous okrugs	Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2
1 Located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region

population of the Kaliningrad region

Population of the Kaliningrad region Information About

Years	Profits, people	Dropped out, people.	Share of people leaving, %
1946	81 566	8 428	10
1947	146 853	39 722	27
1948	153 642	51 873	34
1949	112 743	52 134	46
1950	108 780	63 430	58
1951	95 078	65 304	69
1952	87 022	73 998	85
1953	96 074	63 977	67
1954	95 652	79 907	84
1955	78 644	83 044	106
1956	79 946	76 932	96
1957	74 792	79 530	106
1958	75 591	81 725	108
1946-1958	1 286 383	820 004	64

Against the backdrop of the Baltic countries and Poland actively losing population due to mass emigration, the population of the Kaliningrad region is growing due to consistently high migration growth, including due to neighboring EU countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Poland and Estonia). More than half of the migration growth to the region is traditionally provided by the CIS countries, the leaders among which are Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.

According to Kaliningradstat, in 2009-2013, the migration increase in the region amounted to 30,800 people, which was 67.5% formed by CIS countries, residents of other regions of Russia - by 30.9%, other countries - by 1.6%.

The Kaliningrad region took 6th place in the list of the largest centers of internal migration attraction for the period from 1991 to 2012. In 2015, its migration growth rate was 8.2 ‰. In 2016, the migration increase in the region reached 10 thousand people, becoming the absolute maximum since 1998. 60% of the increase came from residents of the CIS. In intra-Russian migration, the region is most attractive for residents of Siberia and the Far East. It traditionally gives population only to St. Petersburg, the Moscow region, Crimea and Sevastopol.

German migration

In the early 1990s, the first flows of Russian Germans from Kazakhstan and Siberia began to arrive in the region, who, however, soon repatriated to Germany. According to the 2002 census, 8.34 thousand Germans lived in the region (0.9% of the population). But it was after 2000 that prospects for a new migration wave of Germans emerged, including the return of some Russian Germans from Germany.

Intraregional migration

Since the beginning of the 90s, migration flows within the region have been reproducing the all-Russian dynamics: they are characterized by the so-called “western drift”, in which the population of the region actively migrates to Kaliningrad and other coastal municipalities in the west. For example, in Ozersk over the short period of 2014-2018, migration losses amounted to 11.23% of residents, which is a regional anti-record.

Observing from Kaliningrad the solution to national problems in greater Russia, you clearly understand that most of these problems are contrived by someone and stubbornly revive the mossy Leninist slogan: “Russia is a prison of nations.” It is quite obvious that national self-awareness and ethnic self-identification are being used as a tool for a new redistribution of the country, another breakdown of the system of distribution of income and natural resources. In the wake of nationalism, part of the ethnic elite is trying to turn the territories of Russia into their own appanage principalities and latifundia, i.e. revive the Middle Ages! The isolation of individual ethnic groups, their isolation is beneficial only to crooks pursuing purely their own personal or clan selfish goals. I also see this as the reason for the endless terrorist attacks in the Caucasus. Under the banner of the struggle for “pure true” Islam, there is a trivial redistribution of spheres of influence and income.

As for the Russians, in general they cannot be accused of chauvinism, which nationalist leaders of various stripes deliberately do. There are simply no such facts. But there are as many facts of anti-Russian behavior as you like. Those who visit Moscow notice that non-Russian people are encountered very often not only on trams, but also at enterprises, construction sites, housing and communal services, and government institutions. Is this chauvinism? In fact, Russia significantly alleviates the tension from unemployment and poverty in neighboring republics, and Moscow - in regions, including national ones.

Of course, we must admit the existence of vulgar street Russian nationalism, when gangs of young people attack non-Russians and even kill them. But these are criminals who have nothing to do with political chauvinism, because we don’t have such a thing at all. These are pathological xenophobes who, with a certain “ideological” treatment, can easily proclaim themselves “lunatics” or “Martians” and also take up arms against “earthlings”. But, alas, they are used by dishonest politicians. But this phenomenon cannot be seriously considered Russian nationalism and fascism.

The real problem is that in Russia there is no informational counteraction to the spread of xenophobia among young people. Moreover, both the media and politicians tirelessly divide everything into “Russian” and “non-Russian”: problems, culture, religion, history. And it seems to be for good purposes, but the effect is the opposite!

The Kaliningrad region was annexed to Russia after the USSR Victory in the Great Patriotic War. It was populated by Soviet citizens in 1945-1950. The ethnic composition of the region's inhabitants was proportional to the ethnic composition of the Soviet Union.

Population migration during the period of rapid reforms changed the national composition of the region's population. Currently, representatives of 125 nations live in the cities and villages of the region. Our population is slightly more than 86% Russian. There are almost equal numbers of Ukrainians and Belarusians – about 4% of representatives of each group. Lithuanians, Armenians and Germans - approximately 1% each. The next largest numbers are Tatars, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, and Poles. More than 5% of the region's residents did not indicate their nationality in the last census. Some couldn’t decide, while others called themselves simply Kaliningraders. The total population of the region, according to official data for 2012, is about 950 thousand people.

However, neither in Kaliningrad nor in other cities in the region will you see obvious differences in the behavior and customs of representatives of different ethnic groups, although we are well aware of Ukrainian and Belarusian songs, Lithuanian dances and even Lezginka. German and Polish are popular among those citizens who maintain business relations in these countries and travel there as tourists (by the way, without a visa). In general, Kaliningrad has preserved that same Hanseatic spirit of mutual understanding and maritime brotherhood, characteristic of the best Baltic port cities. And since about half of the region’s residents live in Kaliningrad, its best traditions are spread throughout the region.

More than once I have heard from fellow countrymen that our region has its own nation of the most friendly, organized and resistant to difficulties people. Probably, the authors of this idea wanted to express the special sentiments characteristic of people living on islands and enclaves, isolated from the main part of their country. This is not separatism, but a sense of independence and solidarity, readiness and desire to survive under any conditions.

There are no interethnic squabbles among indigenous Kaliningraders. Therefore, inflating the national problem in, as we say, big Russia seems strange to us: what should we divide? Although we know the answer to this question: money. As soon as the division between “mine and yours” begins, the need for privileges based on ethnicity immediately arises. Well, then all sorts of ethnic unions, associations, congresses, jamaats and so on grow like mushrooms.

Konstantin Suslov
Vice-Governor of the Kaliningrad Region

Fedorov G.M., Zverev Yu.M.

Geographical position

The Kaliningrad region is located on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, between Poland and Lithuania. In the north and east it borders with the Republic of Lithuania, in the south with the Republic of Poland, in the west the region is limited by the 140-kilometer Baltic coast. The region is the only territory of Russia separated from its main part by the territories of other sovereign states. The straight line distance from the border of the Kaliningrad region to the border of the other nearest Russian region (Pskov) exceeds 370 km. Thus, the Kaliningrad region is an exclave.

In the Kaliningrad region there are the westernmost geographical points of Russia: on the coast of the Baltic (Vistula) Spit there is a peninsular point, and on the western coast of the Kaliningrad Peninsula there is a continental point.

The territory of the region is 15.1 thousand km2, the population is 932 thousand people (as of January 1, 1996), which is respectively 0.1% of the territory and 0.6% of the population of the Russian Federation. Of the total area of the territory, a significant part is made up of the waters of the sea bays - 1.3 thousand km2 of the Curonian and 0.5 thousand km2 of the Vistula (Kaliningrad). The maximum length of the region from east to west reaches 195 km, from north to south - 110 km. The length of the region’s borders, which are also the state border of the Russian Federation, is 540 km. Of these, 410 km are on land - approximately equally on the border with Poland and Lithuania. The distance from Kaliningrad to the Polish border is only 35 km, to the Lithuanian border - 70 km.

Of all the regions of the Russian Federation, Kaliningrad is the smallest in territory (although some North Caucasian republics within the Russian Federation have a smaller area). It is 95 times smaller than the largest Tyumen region in Russia and 3-4 times smaller than the closest Russian regions - Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod. The Kaliningrad region is four times smaller in size than neighboring Lithuania, and more than twenty times smaller than Poland, although the seven smallest countries in Europe, including Luxembourg, are smaller than the Kaliningrad region. There are about 40 such countries in the world.

The relatively large cities closest to Kaliningrad - Polish Gdansk and Lithuanian Klaipeda - are only 110 km away from Kaliningrad (in a straight line). Warsaw is 260 km away and Vilnius is less than 300 km away. Other nearby capitals are Riga (just over 300 km), Minsk (370 km). Copenhagen, Berlin and Stockholm are just over 500 km away. The nearest regional Russian center - Pskov - is 600 km away from Kaliningrad. And to Moscow - almost 1000 km in a straight line and 1289 km - by rail. The closest Russian port of St. Petersburg is 1100 km by water (Fig. 1.1.1).

Kaliningrad is located close to the shortest line crossing Europe from northeast to southwest and connecting the two most remote points of mainland Europe - the coast of the Kara Sea, to which the spurs of the Polar Urals extend, and Cape San Vicente on the Iberian Peninsula. The first of them is 2,800 km from Kaliningrad, and the second is 3,000 km.

If we accept, as some scientists believe, that the geographical center of Europe is located between Minsk and Vilnius or in the Carpathian region in Western Ukraine, as others believe, then Kaliningrad turns out to be even west of this center. To the east of Kaliningrad are located not only all the capitals of the former Soviet republics of the USSR, which became independent states in 1991, but also Helsinki, Warsaw, Bucharest, Sofia, Skopje, and Athens. The hour hand shows 1 hour less time in Kaliningrad than in Moscow, but an hour more than in Warsaw or Berlin (Central European Time).

The parallel of 550 N latitude runs through the Kaliningrad region. It also crosses the Danish island of Bornholm, South Jutland, Northern England and Northern Ireland. Of the European capitals to the north, only Moscow, the capitals of the Scandinavian and Baltic countries (except for Vilnius, located just south of 550 N, on the same latitude as Kaliningrad).

The geographical location of the region is very convenient for the development of various international contacts. But its territorial isolation and relative distance from the main part of the country is now causing certain difficulties. Previously, when there was an all-Union, within the USSR, economic and political space, there were no such problems. With the development of integration of Eastern European countries and the inclusion of the Russian Federation into a single pan-European space (which we hope will happen sooner or later), these problems will be overcome.

Natural conditions and resources

The region's natural resources are extremely diverse. A big advantage is the ice-free sea coast with sandy beaches and such unique natural sites as the Curonian and Vistula spits. The spits are separated from the sea by shallow bays - Curonian and Vistula (Kaliningrad). The Curonian Spit has a total length of 98 km, of which 48 km belong to the Kaliningrad region; its width ranges from 400 m to 4 km. The Vistula Spit is shorter and narrower, its length is 65 km, of which 35 km (Baltic Spit) belongs to the Kaliningrad region; The width of the spit is from 300 to 1800 m. The Vistula Spit nature reserve and the Curonian Spit state national park are located here. Sand dunes up to 60-70 m high, pine forests, the proximity of the sea and the bay, animals not afraid of people - all this makes the spits a real miracle of nature. The route of autumn and spring migrations of many millions of birds passes through the Curonian Spit. The study of flights is carried out by the Biological Station of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Almost the entire territory of the region is a low-lying plain, some parts of which are below sea level. Only some hills of the Vishtynets Upland in the extreme southeast have a height of more than 200 m (up to 242 m) above sea level. The average absolute height of the land surface of the Kaliningrad region above the level of the World Ocean is only 15 m. In Russia, this figure is lower only in Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region, which are located on the Caspian lowland.

Many areas of the region's land near the Curonian and Kaliningrad Lagoons are located below sea level. These are polder lands, similar to the world famous polders of Holland. The area of Kaliningrad polders is about a thousand square kilometers, which is more than half of all polders of the former USSR. For the purpose of their use in agricultural production, polder lands are fenced with dams (their length is more than 700 km) and cut through by reclamation canals. The polders are densely populated, with a population of 70 thousand people.

The region is dominated by a transitional climate from maritime to continental. Summers are relatively cool, with an average July temperature of +17 to +18 degrees. Short-term intrusions of tropical air masses can lead to higher air temperatures (up to +36 degrees). Winter is mild - the average January temperature ranges from -2 to -4 degrees, the snow cover is shallow and unstable. In some years the invasion of Arctic air masses leads to short-term severe frosts (down to minus 35 degrees). The average annual precipitation is 700 mm, with fluctuations (depending on the predominance of continental or maritime air masses during the year) from 400 to 1100 mm. The long growing season allows you to mow forage grass twice or even three times per season. The mild temperate climate allows for the cultivation of fodder and grain crops, vegetables, and the productivity of natural forage lands is the highest in the country.

However, the prevailing excess moisture in flat, low-lying terrain requires large reclamation works, and the leaching regime of relatively humus-poor soddy-podzolic soils requires large amounts of fertilizers. Almost the entire territory of the region is covered with drainage reclamation canals.

Climatic conditions, the Baltic coast with sea water and fresh air, the presence of therapeutic mud and mineral waters contribute to the development of resorts specializing in the treatment of heart and lung diseases.

Due to excess moisture and flat terrain, the region has a large number of lakes and rivers, many of which are of artificial origin. There are 4,600 rivers and reclamation canals with a total length of 13 thousand km and about 4 thousand lakes and ponds. But most reservoirs are small in size. The largest rivers - the Neman and Pregolya - are connected by canals into a single water system. The total length of shipping routes exceeds 360 km. The largest lake is Vishtynetskoe, located at an altitude of 178 m above sea level; its area is 18 km2, depth is 47 m.

The largest inland reservoirs are the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons, which have significant fish stocks. They have a shallow depth, warm up quickly and provide good conditions for the growth and reproduction of fish. The most commercially important fish are bream, pike perch, herring, and there are also such delicious fish as eel. The total area of the Curonian Lagoon is 1600 km2, of which 1300 km2 belongs to the Kaliningrad region. The Kaliningrad Bay includes 500 km2 of the region's part of the Vistula Lagoon (800 km2). Kaliningrad is connected to the sea by a 40-kilometer canal running through the bay.

The flora and fauna have been greatly modified by humans. Natural forms of vegetation - mixed and broad-leaved forests, meadows and swamps - account for less than a quarter of the entire territory. At the same time, 40% of the forests are of artificial origin, and the meadows are improved by reseeding grasses. The average percentage of forest cover is small (18, and excluding the area of bays - 20%). Logging is common only to a minimal extent, since forests are mainly of environmental and recreational value. To protect wild animals, reserves have been established (there are currently seven of them in the region). On the basis of one of them, the Curonian Spit National Park was created in 1987.

Minerals. The Kaliningrad region is often called the “Amber Region”, “Amber Coast of Russia”. The region owes this to the deposits of the precious “sunstone” - amber, located on the Sambian (Kaliningrad) Peninsula and on the western coast of the Kaliningrad Bay. Its predicted resources are about 300 thousand tons, which is about 90% of the world's reserves.

Other extracted minerals are also of great value: oil, peat, building materials, mineral water, medicinal mud.

Oil in the Kaliningrad region was discovered in 1963, and its commercial production began in 1975. Kaliningrad oil is high-quality, low-sulfur, and the oldest in Russia (Cambrian) - it is 550 million years old. It lies relatively shallow - 1.5-2.0 thousand m. In 1983, the search for oil began on the shelf of the Baltic Sea. Two offshore oil fields have been discovered, one of which, Kravtsovskoye (D-6), is the subject of a territorial dispute between Russia and Lithuania. The Lithuanian side insists that the sea border should not run perpendicular to the coastline, as is internationally accepted, but at a certain angle in order to “grab” the oil region.

As of January 1, 1996, the remaining oil reserves in our region amounted to 16.3 million tons, of which on land - 7.7 million tons, on the shelf - 8.6 million tons. There are prospects for identifying new oil deposits both in land and on the shelf of the Baltic Sea.

Peat deposits occupy over 7% of the region's land area, or more than a thousand square kilometers. The thickness of the deposits is 3-5 m, and in some places reaches 12 m. Peat reserves are estimated by geologists at 2.5-3.0 billion m3. Peat is mined in the Nesterovsky, Polessky, Krasnoznamensky and Gvardeysky districts.

In different parts of the region, dozens of small deposits of building materials - sand, clay, sand and gravel mixtures - are exploited.

Numerous deposits of mineral waters have been explored. In 1973, the bottling and sale of Kaliningradskaya water began. Nowadays “Mayskaya” water (deposit near Gusev) and “Zelenogradskaya” are also produced.

To treat many diseases, mud extracted near the resort town of Svetlogorsk is used.

Rock salt and brown coal have been explored and are being prepared for mining.

The rock (table) salt reserves of the Kaliningrad salt basin amount to 1,500 billion tons, but their great depth (from 760 to 1,225 m) makes it difficult to organize production. There are projects for the development of the Romanovsky (Zelenograd region) and Gusevsky salt deposits.

The Grachevskoe brown coal deposit is small, with reserves of about 30 million tons. From its coals it is possible to organize the production of a valuable product - mountain wax, used in metallurgy, chemical, pulp and paper and light industry, in medicine, but existing projects involve their use as fuel. Plans for the construction of the mine, however, are raising objections from environmentalists and the public. They point out that coal mining in Grachevka, which is also located in a resort area, will harm the environment. There are also doubts about the economic efficiency of using low-calorie coals with high ash content, and, moreover, with small reserves.

Exploration for some minerals has just begun. Ferromanganese nodules, as well as deposits of “heavy sands” containing titanium and zirconium, were discovered at the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Potassium salt, sulfur-containing and carbonate raw materials lie deep underground on land.

Assessing the overall natural conditions and resources of the Kaliningrad region, it can be noted that they create favorable preconditions for the development of many sectors of industry, agriculture, transport, and the recreational complex. But they are not yet fully used.

Numerous problems of nature conservation are also relevant. Rivers are highly polluted, treatment facilities are insufficient or absent. The bottom of the Neman and Pregolya is covered with a half-meter layer of sediment. Due to the spread of blue-green algae, the fresh water of the Curonian Lagoon has become unsuitable not only for drinking, but also for swimming. Small rivers are polluted with mineral fertilizers.

Kaliningrad is one of 30 cities in the Russian Federation with particularly high air pollution. The reasons for this are transport, small boiler houses, pulp and paper and other enterprises. Similar problems are typical for Sovetsk and Neman.

Much more can be named - the destruction of sea coasts, soil depletion, swamping of forests and parks, the need for waste recycling. The lack of necessary financial resources does not allow us to successfully solve these problems, but environmental priorities must become decisive for regional development and, based on them, the structure of the economy must be adjusted.

Population

The Kaliningrad region is one of the few regions of the country whose population was formed through organized resettlement, which began in 1945 and took on a massive scale after the approval of a special program in August 1946. The German population, numbering 1.17 million inhabitants in 1939, was either evacuated along with the retreating German troops, or, in accordance with the decision of the Potsdam Conference, was evicted in 1948-1951. to Germany.

The population dynamics of the Kaliningrad region is as follows (Table 1.3.1):

Table 1.3.1 Population of the Kaliningrad region in 1948-1996, thousand people

Year	Total	Including
		urban	rural
1948	380,2	201,2	179,0
1955	585,3	372,7	212,6
1959	610,2	391,6	218,6
1965	700,9	485,1	215,8
1970	730,0	532,4	197,6
1975	778,6	593,6	185,0
1979	808,0	614,4	193,6
1989	871,2	686,9	184,3
1990	878,2	692,8	185,4
1991	886,9	700,8	186,1
1992	894,1	705,2	188,9
1993	906,0	708,7	197,3
1994	913,0	712,1	200,9
1995	926,4	723,1	203,3
1996	932,2	726,4	205,8

Note. 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 - according to the All-Union Population Census; 1948, 1955, 1965, 1975, 1995 - as of January 1 of the corresponding year.

Since the mid-1950s, the role of immigrants in the growth of the region's population has declined, and natural growth has become the main source of population growth. The average annual growth rate is reflected in table. 1.3.2.

Table 1.3.2

Average annual population growth rate of the Kaliningrad region, %

population	1948-1949	1950-1954	1955-1959	1960-1964	1965-1969	1970-1974	1975-1979	1980-1984	1985-1989	1990-1995
Natural	3,5	3,2	2,2	1,6	1,0	1,0	0,8	0,7	0,6	-0,2
Migration	0,0	4,0	0,7	0,5	0,1	-0,3	0,0	0,0	0,2	1,2
Total	3,5	7,5	2,9	2,1	1,1	0,7	0,8	0,7	0,8	1,0

From 1948 to 1995 the share of natural growth in the total increase in the region's population was 70%. The total number of natives of the Kaliningrad region exceeded 600 thousand people.

From the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s, the balance of migration to the Kaliningrad region was close to zero (and in the first half of the 1970s, there was even an outflow of population from the region). But in the 1990s, migration growth increased again and amounted to . 84 thousand people, fully ensuring the increase in the population of the region, since since 1992 the natural increase has decreased, turning into a natural population decline. The exchange of population with other regions of the former USSR is very intensive. The number of arrivals to the region per year is now about 4% of its population, and the number of those leaving the region is about 3%.

Initially, the region was settled mainly from central Russia and partly from nearby Belarus. Currently, the areas where migrants leave have changed. In 1992, the positive balance of migration with the Baltic countries was greater than with all regions of the Russian Federation, of which the largest influx of migrants into the region came from the eastern and northern regions of the country. A large influx of population to the Kaliningrad region was observed from Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These are mainly Russian residents of the former Soviet republics, as well as Germans from Kazakhstan and Central Asia and Armenians from Azerbaijan. Among the 8.8 thousand refugees and internally displaced persons who arrived in the region in 1992-1995. , Russians made up more than 60%, Armenians - 22.9%, the rest were dominated by Ukrainians, Belarusians, Germans, Tatars, and Azerbaijanis. At the same time, there is a small outflow of population to Belarus and Ukraine.

Data on the national composition of the population of the Kaliningrad region are given in Table 1.3.3.

The ethnic composition of the region's population has remained fairly stable for a long time. At the same time, for 1989-1995. The share of Armenians and Germans has increased significantly (although their share in the population remains low), the share of Russians, Belarusians, Lithuanians and Jews has decreased slightly.

At the same time, the majority (63%) of the non-Russian population, answering questions from the 1989 population census, named Russian as their native language, and another 36% indicated it as a second language, which the respondents were fluent in.

Table 1.3.3

National composition of the population of the Kaliningrad region, %

Nationality	1979*	1989*	1996**
Russians	78,3	78,5	77,9
Belarusians	9,0	8,5	8,0
Ukrainians	6,8	7,2	7,3
Lithuanians	2,4	2,1	1,9
Armenians	0,1	0,2	0,7
Germans	0,1	0,2	0,6
Poles	0,5	0,5	0,5
Tatars	0,4	0,4	0,5
Mordva	0,5	0,4	0,4
Jews	0,5	0,4	0,3
Chuvash	0,3	0,3	0,3
Azerbaijanis	0,1	0,2	0,3
Others (Moldavians, Gypsies, Latvians, Georgians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, etc.)	1,0	1,1	1,3
Total	100,0	100,0	100,0

The Kaliningrad region is one of the most densely populated regions of Russia, exceeding the Russian average in population density by seven times. There are an average of 60 inhabitants per square kilometer, and if the sea bays are not taken into account in the area of the territory, then 67 inhabitants. In Russia, only the Moscow, Leningrad, Tula regions and the North Ossetian Republic have higher indicators. The population of the region is quite high on a global scale - the population density in the world is 61 people/km2, in Europe - 69 people/km2. But it is lower than in Poland or Germany (121 and 220 people/km2, respectively). However, to the west of the Deima-Lava rivers, the population density reaches 200 people/km2. Here the economic load on the territory is very high, especially taking into account the unsatisfactory environmental measures.

In the Kaliningrad region, there are mainly three forms of settlement: monocentric, linear and dispersed. An example of the first is the system of settlements around Kaliningrad. The most typical linear settlement system for the region is represented by a system of settlements (about 100) along the main transport route of the Kaliningrad region - Chernyshevskoye, as well as along the coast of the Baltic Sea (about 50). In the southern part of the region dispersed settlement is most typical.

The level of urbanization in the region is very high. The share of the urban population is about 78%. In terms of the share of city dwellers in the total population, the Kaliningrad region is inferior in the Russian Federation only to a number of industrially developed regions (Moscow, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Tula, etc.), as well as some regions with harsh natural conditions, where the high share of the urban population is explained by the small number of rural (Karelia, Murmansk, Magadan, Kamchatka and other regions). More than half of the urban population - 58% - lives in Kaliningrad, which has (1996) 422 thousand inhabitants. This is more than the population of Königsberg (335 thousand people in 1939). The remaining 21 cities are much smaller in size: Sovetsk and Chernyakhovsk have 40-45 thousand inhabitants, Gusev and Baltiysk - 25-30 thousand inhabitants each, etc. (Table 1.3.4). There are also five small urban-type settlements and 1.4 thousand rural settlements with an average number of residents of about 140 people.

The cities of the Kaliningrad region form several agglomerations (territorially close urban settlements with close mutual connections). A large agglomeration, including 19 cities and towns, has formed around the regional center, the “sphere of influence” of which includes the entire western part of the region. A small agglomeration has formed around Sovetsk (also includes Neman and Slavsk, and, due to the prevailing transport connections, Krasnoznamensk). Chernyakhovsk and Gusev, located 25 km from one another, are closely connected with each other. Nesterov and Ozersk gravitate towards them.

Table 1.3.4

Cities of the Kaliningrad region

City	Year of formation cities in the post-war period		Old name	Year of establishment of the settlement
Kaliningrad	1946	418,7	Koenigsberg	1255
Sovetsk	1946	43,7	Tilsit	1288
Chernyakhovsk	1946	42,3	Insterburg	1583 (1336)
Baltiysk	1946	30,7	Pillau	1686
Gusev	1946	28,3	Gumbinnen	1724
Light	1955	21,2	Zimmerbud	1640
Neman	1947	14,0	Ragnit	1402 (1288)
Gvardeysk	1946	12,9	Tapiau	1722
Pionersky	1952	11,8	Neukuren	1254
Zelenogradsk	1947	10,9	Kranz	1252
Svetlogorsk	1947	10,7	Rauschen	1258
Guryevsk	1946	9,3	Neuhausen	1262
City	Year of formation cities in the post-war period	Population as of January 1, 1995	Old name	Year of establishment of the settlement
Mamonovo	1951	8,3	Heiligenbeil	1522 (1302)
Bagrationovsk	1946	7,2	Preussisch-Eylau	1336
Polessk	1946	7,0	Labiau	1642 (1258)
Ozersk	1946	6,2	Darkman	1724
Nesterov	1946	4,9	Stallupenen	1722
Slavsk	1946	4,7	Heinrichswalde	1292
Pravdinsk	1946	4,4	Friedland	1312
Krasnoznamensk	1946	3,9	Lazdenen	1734
Ladushkin	1946	3,2	Ludwigsort	1314
Primorsk	1946	2,1	Fischhausen	1305 (1268)

Note. In brackets is the year the fortress was founded.

A dense network of urban settlements (the average distance between cities in the region is only 22 km, while the average for Russia is 59 km) creates the prerequisites for organizing an adequate system of servicing rural areas. However, the previous, although not very effective, state system of inter-village services is currently broken, and the organization of a system based on private and cooperative property is hampered by the low level of income of rural residents, the lack of necessary business skills and the current specifics of taxation, which makes it difficult for private initiative.

The demographic structure of the population is becoming increasingly unfavorable. The gradual decline in the birth rate and its sharp drop in the 90s predetermined the aging of the population, the average age of which was only in 1979-1989. increased from 32 to 35 years. The share of children (over 1989-1995 from 23.5 to 21.8%) and people of working age (from 59.8 to 59.4%), and the share of people of retirement age (18.8% in 1995) is decreasing .) the region is approaching the Russian average (20.2%). The number of pensioners is growing, which increases the demographic burden on the working-age population. Support for families with young children is very insignificant and does not have a stimulating effect on fertility.

Complex and previously unknown problems arise due to rising unemployment. Only for 1990-1994. the total number of people employed in the national economy decreased by 37 thousand people, or 8.5%. According to official data, by the end of 1995 real unemployment reached almost 44 thousand people (10.1% of the economically active population), of which 25 thousand people received unemployed status. In terms of official unemployment (5.8%), the Kaliningrad region significantly exceeds the Russian average (2.8%). In addition, there is so-called hidden unemployment. Thus, during 1995, about 9 thousand people worked part-time every month, over 8 thousand received unpaid leave at the initiative of the administration (12 days on average per employee). The total amount of hidden unemployment by the end of 1995 amounted to 15 thousand people.

But the most significant changes occur in income levels, which leads to increasingly strong differentiation among segments of the population. These changes predetermine many negative demographic consequences, primarily an increase in morbidity and mortality, a decrease in the birth rate, and also affect the all-Russian crime rate, etc. With the beginning of economic growth and strengthening of social policy, the severity of this problem will decrease.

In January-April 1996, the 10% of the most affluent population of the region received 15.7 times more cash income than the 10% of the least affluent (the Russian average is 13.6 times). At the same time, 35% of the region's residents in 1995 had incomes below the subsistence level determined by the Russian Ministry of Labor (the Russian average is 24.7%). At the same time, the standard of living in the Kaliningrad region was lower than the Russian average, since the nominal wage per worker was only 76.4% of the national average, and prices were slightly higher (the cost of a set of 19 basic food products at the end of December 1995 was was higher by 5.2%). In the first half of 1996, the situation continued to be difficult - real disposable cash incomes of the population decreased, income differentiation continued to grow, etc. At the same time, some positive trends have emerged. Thus, the renewal of customs benefits with the adoption in early 1996 of the law “On the Special Economic Zone in the Kaliningrad Region” led to a decrease in prices for many imported food products. Accordingly, the cost of the consumer basket also changed, becoming lower than in other regions of the North-Western economic region of the Russian Federation. In May 1996, in terms of the cost of a consumer basket of 19 basic food products, Kaliningrad was in 69th place among 84 Russian cities. In January-April 1996, the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level decreased slightly compared to the same period in 1995, although the poverty level still remains high (41.8 versus 44.3%).

Thus, demographic, economic and socio-demographic problems in the region have become extremely aggravated. High migration mobility with a large positive balance of migration, a decline in the birth rate and an aging population, a reduction in the number of employed people and an increase in unemployment are just some of the problems of the population. One can also point to a significant “male predominance” in young working ages, due to the sectoral structure of production, an extremely high level of divorce and a large number of single-parent families, high mortality, etc. The complexity of the situation is largely determined by the current economic and ideological crisis, but it plays a negative role and the lack of targeted government policy for the population

More than two thousand specimens of animals of 300 species live, of which 61 species are listed in the International Red Book (Litvin, 1999). Chapter 2. Geological characteristics of the region The Kaliningrad region is located within the long-developing Polish-Lithuanian syneclise with a deep immersion of the crystalline basement surface and a fairly thick sedimentary cover that compensates for this...

We left approximately 5 billion rubles in the region. The resulting estimate characterizes the minimum level of tourist spending. Indicators of cross-border shopping tourism were not taken into account. 4 MAIN TYPES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATION AND TOURISM IN THE REGION EXCURSION AND EDUCATIONAL TOURS The history and nature of the region are as unusual as the excursion programs are rich and varied. Poetic...

Cooperation, complex customs regulation and instability of passport and visa policy with neighboring countries and the CIS. Chapter 3. Methodological and practical recommendations for building a brand of the Kaliningrad region 3.1 Methodological approaches to developing a brand of the Kaliningrad region Developing a strategy for the formation or correction of a territory’s marketing strategy is a complex...

So: “Ways and features of spiritual and moral revival in the far west of Russia.” Conclusion Summarizing all that has been said, we can conclude that the history of the regional writing organization is closely connected with the history of the country and region. Kaliningrad literature cannot be considered in isolation from all Russian literature. She is an integral part of her, and she is characterized by the same ups and downs...

A. S. Kuksin
Information Committee Consultant,
press and public relations
administration of the Kaliningrad region

MULTINATIONAL AREA

The changes taking place in the post-Soviet years in all spheres of society contribute to the revival of national self-awareness and have a great impact on the life and culture of the peoples inhabiting Russia, including the Kaliningrad region.

The results of the population census showed that the Kaliningrad region is one of the most multinational regions of Russia. During the census, nationality was indicated by the respondents themselves on the basis of self-determination and was recorded by census workers from the words of the respondents. The census received about 300 different responses from the population to questions about nationality. When processing census materials, the population's answers about nationality were systematized on the basis of the “Alphabetical List of Nationalities and Ethnic Names” developed by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The number of nationalities in the Kaliningrad region increased in 2002, compared to 1989, from 109 to 132. The change in the population of our region for 28 nationalities, numbering 300 or more people and constituting 98.7% of the population, is characterized by the following data:

№ p/p	Nationalities	1989 (person)	2002 (person)
	Whole population	871159	955281
1.	Russians	683563	786885
2.	Belarusians	73926	50748
3.	Ukrainians	62750	47229
4.	Lithuanians	18116	13937
5.	Armenians	1620	8415
6.	Germans	1307	8340
7.	Tatars	3556	4758
8.	Poles	4287	3918
9.	Azerbaijanis	1881	2959
10.	Mordva	3482	2320
11.	Chuvash	2671	2027
12.	Jews	3200	1605
13.	Gypsies	1223	1447
14.	Moldovans	1342	1116
15.	Chechens	278	738
16.	Latvians	978	704
17.	Georgians	523	677
18.	Koreans	153	651
19.	Kazakhs	522	631
20.	Uzbeks	519	631
21.	Bashkirs	503	562
22.	Yazidis	No	504
23.	Mari	570	439
24.	Ossetians	316	433
25.	Udmurts	471	382
26.	Lezgins	192	359
27.	Bulgarians	269	346
28.	Tajiks	158	309

The number of the remaining 104 nationalities in 2002 was 3,352 people or 0.4% of the total population of the Kaliningrad region:

Abazins - 5 people
Abkhazians - 20 people
Avars - 162 people
Aguly - 7 people
Adjarians - 2 people
Adygeis - 26 people
Aleuts - 1 person
Altaians - 10 people
Americans - 3 people
Arabs (Algerians, Lebanese, Mauritanians, Syrians, Sudanese) - 29 people
Central Asian Arabs - 1 person
Assyrians - 15 people
Balkars - 18 people
Buryats - 67 people
Hungarians - 54 people
Veps - 18 people
Vietnamese - 3 people
Gagauz - 79 people
Greeks - 247 people
Dargins - 127 people
Debts - 2 people
Mountain Jews (Dagestan Jews) -6 people
Izhorians - 3 people
Ingush - 213 people
Hindu-speaking Indians - 1 person
Spaniards - 5 people
Italians - 4 people
Itelmen - 5 people
Kabardians - 132 people
Kalmyks - 44 people
Kamchadaly - 1 person
Karachais -54 people
Karelians - 176 people
Kereki - 1 person
Kety - 1 person
Kyrgyz - 109 people
Chinese - 60 people
Komi - 137 people
Komi-Permyaks - 132 people
Koryaks - 4 people
Krymchaks - 2 people
Kryashens - 2 people
Cubans - 22 people
Kumyks - 107 people
Kurds - 45 people
Lazy - 2 people
Laktsy - 100 people
Latgalians - 5 people

Mansi - 1 person
Mountain Mari - 1 person
Meadow-Eastern Mari - 9 people
Mongols - 1 person
Mordva-Moksha - 56 people
Mordva-Erzya - 2 people
Nagaibaki - 3 people
Nenets - 6 people
Nivkhi - 1 person
Nogais - 28 people
Persians - 21 people
Pashtuns (Afghans) - 7 people
Romanians - 22 people
Rusyns - 1 person
Rutulians - 12 people
Sami - 16 people
Selkups - 1 person
Serbs - 16 people
Slovaks - 5 people
Tabasarany - 63 people
Talysh - 36 people
Crimean Tatars - 31 people
Tats - 15 people
Teleuts - 1 person
Tuvans - 20 people
Turks - 49 people
Meskhetian Turks - 5 people
Turkmens - 84 people
Udege - 4 people
Uighurs - 35 people
Ulta - 1 person
Ulchi - 1 person
Finns - 84 people
Ingrian Finns - 1 person
French - 7 people
Huxes - 12 people
Khanty - 2 people
Tsakhur - 6 people
Circassians - 18 people
Czechs - 28 people
Chukchi - 1 person
Shors - 2 people
Evenks - 5 people
Evens - 1 person
Enets - 3 people
Estonians - 282 people
Yakuts - 23 people
Japanese - 2 people
Other nationalities (Austrians, Albanians, Bengalis, Dutch, Croats, Swedes) - 148 people

The number of people whose answer to the census question about nationality was not completed was 8,859 people or 0.9%.

During the period from 1989 to 2002, changes in the national composition were caused by factors caused by differences in the natural movement of the population, changes in ethnic identity (usually under the influence of mixed marriages), as well as processes of migration external to the region. The last of these factors is predominant for the Kaliningrad region: between the population censuses of 1989 and 2002, the gross migration turnover - the sum of arrivals and the sum of departures - is equal to 844.5 thousand people. Due to the 1.4 times excess of the number of deaths over the number of births (171.5 thousand people and 120.5 thousand people, respectively), the region’s need for an influx of immigrants acquires strategic importance. Since 1999, the Kaliningrad region has entered a stage of depopulation, which, according to the forecast of the Federal State Statistics Service, will be stable and long-lasting.

The largest population groups are Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians. In total, their share in the entire population was 94.1% (in 1989 - 96.2%). The Russian population is still the largest. During the intercensal period it increased by 103.3 thousand people. The natural decline of Russians amounted to more than 39.0 thousand people. The growth of their numbers was ensured only due to the positive balance of migration. The population of Belarusians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians has decreased. This happened mainly due to emigration and natural decline. In addition, the decline in the number of these peoples in our region is caused by their ethnic assimilation with other nationalities.

Based on the results of the 2002 census, information about the native language was obtained. 954,368 people, or 99.0% of the total population, answered this question. 85.6% consider the native language of their nationality; 77.8% of the non-Russian population of the region (130,979 people) called Russian their native language during the census. In total, the Russian-speaking population of the Kaliningrad region, taking into account Russians themselves, amounted to 911,186 people at the time of the 2002 census.

Creating conditions for the preservation of national cultures

With the participation of the regional administration, the regional Duma adopted on February 28, 2002 the Law “On the interaction of government bodies of the Kaliningrad region and public associations”, which laid the legal foundations for regulating this area of public relations: the right of organizations to participate in the work of working groups and expert councils under government bodies is legislated authorities, preparation of draft laws, normative legal acts; the procedure for information exchange and provision of information, methodological, advisory and organizational support has been determined; representatives of public associations received the right to be members of competition commissions that evaluate competitive applications for government grants.

To ensure effective interaction between government bodies and national-cultural autonomies and associations, as well as to ensure that the interests of all national diasporas are taken into account in the development and implementation of regional national policy, an advisory council on the affairs of national-cultural autonomies has been formed under the regional administration, the chairman of which is the head of the administration (governor ) areas.

The regional administration adopted the Resolution “On open competition for state grants for the implementation of targeted social programs of public associations.”

The Council for National and Cultural Associations, created under the Public Chamber of the Kaliningrad Region, operates successfully, the chairman of which is a member of the Coordination Council of the Public Chamber.

Meetings, meetings, and seminars are regularly held with the heads of autonomies and societies, during which a unified approach to the methodology for solving the issues under discussion is developed, material and technical capabilities are accumulated into an integral system, and the participation of organizations at each stage of a project is determined. Seminars with leaders of national-cultural autonomies and leaders of national-cultural minorities became conceptually important.

Publishing and information activities

The regional national-cultural autonomy “Kaliningrad Fellowship of Belarusians” and OJSC “Narodnaya Gazeta” (Belarus), with the assistance of the Permanent Committee of the Union State and the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Russian Federation, monthly publish “Belorusskaya Narodnaya Gazeta” in the amount of 6.0 thousand copies.

The newspapers “Gintaras” (newspaper of non-governmental organizations of the Kaliningrad region), “Nairi in Kaliningrad” (Armenian national-cultural, information center) and "Königsberg Express" (in German).

The Jewish Society "Shofar" periodically publishes the newsletter "Shofar", and the Gusev Society of Polish Culture - a newsletter.

The media widely cover the holding of national holidays, festivals, seminars, friendship evenings and other events by autonomies and organizations.

The Information, Press and Public Relations Committee on an ongoing basis ensures the publication in the media of press releases, announcements and other materials about the life of diasporas.

Development of national education

Federal laws “On Education”, “On the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation” and “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” regulate the work of the education department of the regional administration, the committee for information, press and public relations of the regional administration, and national diasporas in the field of education .

Formal and non-formal educational systems are constantly being improved, which fully meet the cultural and educational needs of the multinational population.

Lithuanian studied by more than 920 people in 11 classes of 5 educational and 3 Sunday schools, 10 electives and 2 kindergartens.

Based on an agreement between the Education Department of the regional administration and the Department of National Minorities and Emigration of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, some Lithuanian language teachers are represented by Lithuanian citizens.

Polish language is being studied at the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in the Kaliningrad region, in the societies “Russia-Poland” and “Kaliningrad-Swinoujscie”. Polish language courses are also organized by Polish cultural organizations in the cities of Gusev and Ozersk.

Courses German language, organized by the German-Russian House, operate in several places. The Cinema Club, where films in German are shown, is very popular.

Armenian The national cultural information center opened courses on studying the Armenian language at the Sailors' Palace of Culture.

Kaliningrad regional national-cultural public organization Assyrians“Ashur” is carrying out preparatory activities to organize courses in the study of the Assyrian language.

For ethnic people from Caucasus and Central Asia communication in the native language within the family and within the diaspora is typical.

In 2003, the Kaliningrad-Sweden society began studying Swedish language.

National cultural autonomies (associations) hold national holidays, organize concerts, present exhibitions in museums and art exhibitions, and staff national departments in libraries.

Interethnic cultural cooperation

The following are successfully operating in the region:

8 national-cultural autonomies (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians - 2, Azerbaijanis, Lithuanians, Germans);

63 national-cultural associations (Azerbaijanis - 4, Armenians - 4, Belarusians - 3, Assyrians - 1, Jews - 1, Yezidis - 1, Lithuanians - 9, Germans - 10, Ossetians - 1, Poles - 4, Russians - 4, Tatars - 3, Ukrainians - 6, Chechens and Ingush - 1, Chuvash - 1, Gypsies - 1; association of societies of culture and relations with foreign countries as part of the Kaliningrad-Swinoujscie society, the Russia-Poland society, the Russian-Spanish center", "Kaliningrad-Sweden Society", "Kaliningrad-Peru" Society, Society of Friendship with France, Society of Friendship with Cuba, Society "Kaliningrad-Turkmenistan".

The joint activities of national and cultural associations make a certain positive contribution to ensuring the social stability of society, strengthening friendship and mutual understanding between peoples.

August 2004