Verbs (Binyan system). Self-study of Hebrew is free. Verbs How do Hebrew verbs differ from Russian?

Exercises for memorizing words from this table
1. Find the correct answer among the five proposed: Russian -> Transliteration of a Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian	2. Write the correct answer yourself: Russian -> transliteration of Hebrew words Transliteration of a Hebrew word -> Russian Russian -> Hebrew Hebrew -> Russian

Binyan PAAL - present, past, future

Here is a table of verb tenses PAAL using the example of a verb, which in the infinitive sounds like lishmore, and means guard.

About the imperative mood

Let us repeat in a nutshell what we already know about imperative mood: it can be built in one of the following ways:

1. Coincides with the future tense (masculine - Tishmore! plural - Tishmaru! but in the feminine singular. differently - tishmary!)

2. The prefix " is removed you" (Shmor!).

The imperative mood is created in the same way for the remaining binyans.

More about exceptions

Exception verbs are verbs in which at least one of the root letters is glottal, or verbs whose root at first glance consists of only two letters. In the present, past and future tenses, their sound is slightly different from the sound of a classical verb with a regular three-letter root and without glottal radicals.

Just take a look at the table in the next post and try to find patterns. In particular, highlight a group of verbs like , , , in which the third radical hey. Notice how they look in the past and future tenses.

If you look at a verb in one of its forms and it seems to you that its root has only two letters, then this means one of the following options:

1. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is noon(as in the verb -).

2. There is one more root letter, the first one, and this is yud(as in the verb -).

3. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this wav(as in the verb –)

4. You see the first and third root letters in front of you, and there is also a second one, and this yud(as in the verb –)

In the following table I have given only the forms for the first person, so as not to clutter this tutorial with continuous “scary” tables. You can easily form other persons if you remember the above table of the regular verb lishmore.

Frequently used exception verbs related to binyanu PAAL

To make sure that each exception verb is not at all on its own, but, on the contrary, exceptions, in turn, are compiled according to their own rules, take a closer look at this table. Let's highlight several groups of irregular verbs:

1. The first three verbs are , , . In a “purely radical” form, i.e. in past tense, 3rd person, m.r. – , , . It seems at first glance that these verbs have only two root letters. But it turns out that this is not so - it’s just that in the first two of them the radical fell out in the middle wav, and in the third – radical yud. Notice how these verbs change in gender, number and tense.

2. The next three verbs – , , – are also very similar to each other. The “pure root” form is , , . Pay attention to what happens in persons, genders and tenses with similar verbs, which are united by the fact that they have a third root letter - hey.

3. If the first letter of the root yud, hey or noon, then it disappears in the infinitive and in the future tense. Examples – , , .

Verbs (words denoting actions or states) in Hebrew, as in Russian, have the categories of gender, number, person, mood and tense. Hebrew verbs also have an unusual (absent in Goyish languages) and extremely interesting grammatical category בִּנייָן (“binYan” - structure, building), which plays a key role in understanding the nature of Hebrew verbs, their patterns of behavior and the application of grammatical rules.

Verbs in Hebrew vary according to the following tenses:
עָבָר - past tense;
הוֹוֶה - present tense;
עָתִיד - future tense.

Just like in Russian, Hebrew verbs have three moods - דֶרֶך (“dErekh”):
דֶרֶך הַחִיווּי - indicative mood, denoting a real action in a certain time (past, present, future);
דֶרֶך הַצִיווּי - imperative mood, expressing a request, advice, order, encouragement to action. In modern Hebrew, the imperative mood is practically not used in colloquial speech, and instead the forms of the second person of the future tense are used (sometimes with the discarding of prefixes). The negative form of the imperative mood of all Hebrew verbs without exception is formed by combining the particle אַל and the corresponding form of the future tense;
דֶרֶך הַתנַאי - conditional (subjunctive) mood, denoting the desirability of an action, the possibility of performing an action under certain conditions.

Binyan is a grammatical category that unites verbs with a similar semantic focus and a common pattern of behavior. There are seven main binyanim in Hebrew. The names of binyans are the third person masculine singular forms of the past tense of verbs derived from the root פעל ("to act"). Actually, the word "verb" in Hebrew is derived from the root פעל and is written as פּוֹעַל. It is customary to use the letters of the root פעל in Hebrew textbooks as abbreviations for the letters that make up any other root. Accordingly, the first letter in any root of any word in grammatical formulations is designated as פּ, the second - עַ and the third - ל. Thus, the abbreviation ל""ה literally means: "a verb with the third letter of the root - ה". A verb with the first guttural letter of the root is denoted as פ""גר (the accepted abbreviation of the word גרוֹנִי - “guttural” is used). The semantic content and relationship of binyans is given in the table below on this page.

Formally, Hebrew verbs are distributed among binyans approximately as follows:
30% - binyan פָּעַל,
22% - binyan פִּיעֵל,
18% - binyan הִפעִיל,
15% - binyan הִתפַּעֵל,
8% - binyan נִפעַל,
3.5% - binyan פּוּעַל,
2.5% - binyan הוּפעַל.

You should also know (a hint to the distribution of efforts in learning Hebrew verbs) that in real life, more than half of the total number of the most commonly used Hebrew verbs (the so-called “verbs of essentials” - go, know, say, sleep, eat, think, etc.).

The vowels in the names of binyans are common to all verbs of a given binyan in the main dictionary form - 3rd person singular husband. kind of past tense. Thus, any binyan verb פָּעַל in the 3rd person singular is husband. The gender of the past tense has the form: , where the squares indicate the letters of the root.

Depending on which consonants are included in the root, in Hebrew there is such a concept as גִזרָה - “a type of root”, “pattern, blank”, which defines a subgroup of binyan.

To thoroughly understand the rules for using a Hebrew verb, it must be accurately classified, i.e. determine belonging to a specific binyan and within the binyan - to the corresponding subgroup. Only after this can you assign the correct vowels in a word, deletion or replacement of consonants, etc. In authoritative Hebrew textbooks, most of the rules associated with the use of verbs are formulated in terms of binyans and their subgroups. With a little practical experience and minimal knowledge of grammar, you can usually identify a binyan by the appearance of the verb.

Conjugation of Hebrew verbs in all tenses is carried out by adding standard prefixes and endings to the basic, tense-dependent form of the verb, giving the verb the categories of person, gender and number. The possible replacement of vowels in the stem of a verb during conjugation is determined by a system of rules based on the formal classification of the verb (identifying membership in a certain group within a certain binyan).

The present tense of verbs is formed on the basis of the singular masculine form of the present tense. In the present tense, verbs take the gender and number endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives: masculine, plural. number - ending ים, feminine singular. number - ending ת (in some cases - ה), and plural. number - ending וֹת.

Since endings in the present tense do not differ by person, in sentences before the verb there must be a noun or pronoun that clearly designates the person with whom the indicated action is associated.

The endings of verbs in the present tense are shown in the table below, the symbols □□□ indicate the present tense stem - the singular masculine form of the present tense.

				Face
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	1
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	2
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	3

The past tense is based on the 3rd person singular form. masculine past tense. By the way, in most dictionaries verbs are given in this form (which is the main difficulty for newcomers to Hebrew when searching in dictionaries).

Verbs in the past tense are conjugated using standard past tense endings. The endings of verbs in the past tense are shown in the table below, the icons □□□ indicate the basis of the simple tense - the 3rd person singular form. masculine past tense.

				Face
□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	1
□□□תֶּן	□□□תְּ	□□□תֵּם	□□□תָּ	2
□□□וּ	□□□ה	□□□וּ	□□□	3

Verbs in the future tense are conjugated using standard prefixes (prefixes) and future endings. Prefixes and prefixes are added to the stem of the future tense of the verb, specified in the dictionary. The prefixes and endings of future tense verbs are shown in the table below, with □□□ indicating the future tense stem.

				Face
נ□□□	א□□□	נ□□□	א□□□	1
ת□□□וּ	ת□□□י	ת□□□וּ	ת□□□	2
י□□□וּ	ת□□□	י□□□וּ	י□□□	3

In an interrogative sentence beginning with a question word, the present tense verb must come after the subject, while in the past or future tense the verb can come before the subject.

More than 1000 conjugation tables for the most commonly used Hebrew verbs, including all tenses and forms with vowels, as well as the imperative mood, are given. The search is carried out using the indefinite form of the verb in Russian. To practice conjugating Hebrew verbs, you can use an interactive simulator. I definitely recommend that owners of mobile gadgets install the “Verbs in Hebrew” mobile application. In addition to searching in Russian, in the application you can search for a verb in any of its forms (tense, gender, person, number) in Hebrew. The application includes an interactive simulator for exercising the conjugation of the selected verb. All tables are fully vocalized; information about the root and binyan is provided for the selected verb. No Internet connection is required to operate; the database is initially integrated into the application. Details. You can download the application from this link.

The main Hebrew binyans are listed in the table below, I suggest you memorize them. The task of the test is to accurately drag the names of all binyans with the mouse to their “rightful” places in the table. A decent result - no more than 30 seconds of time spent with a complete absence of errors.

Verbs (words denoting actions or states) in Hebrew, as in Russian, have the categories of gender, number, person, mood and tense. Hebrew verbs also have an unusual (absent in Goyish languages) and extremely interesting grammatical category בִּנייָן (“binYan” - structure, building), which plays a key role in understanding the nature of Hebrew verbs, their patterns of behavior and the application of grammatical rules.

Verbs in Hebrew vary according to the following tenses:
עָבָר - past tense;
הוֹוֶה - present tense;
עָתִיד - future tense.

Just like in Russian, Hebrew verbs have three moods - דֶרֶך (“dErekh”):
דֶרֶך הַחִיווּי - indicative mood, denoting a real action in a certain time (past, present, future);
דֶרֶך הַצִיווּי - imperative mood, expressing a request, advice, order, encouragement to action. In modern Hebrew, the imperative mood is practically not used in colloquial speech, and instead the forms of the second person of the future tense are used (sometimes with the discarding of prefixes). The negative form of the imperative mood of all Hebrew verbs without exception is formed by combining the particle אַל and the corresponding form of the future tense;
דֶרֶך הַתנַאי - conditional (subjunctive) mood, denoting the desirability of an action, the possibility of performing an action under certain conditions.

Binyan is a grammatical category that unites verbs with a similar semantic focus and a common pattern of behavior. There are seven main binyanim in Hebrew. The names of binyans are the third person masculine singular forms of the past tense of verbs derived from the root פעל ("to act"). Actually, the word "verb" in Hebrew is derived from the root פעל and is written as פּוֹעַל. It is customary to use the letters of the root פעל in Hebrew textbooks as abbreviations for the letters that make up any other root. Accordingly, the first letter in any root of any word in grammatical formulations is designated as פּ, the second - עַ and the third - ל. Thus, the abbreviation ל""ה literally means: "a verb with the third letter of the root - ה". A verb with the first guttural letter of the root is denoted as פ""גר (the accepted abbreviation of the word גרוֹנִי - “guttural” is used). The semantic content and relationship of binyans is given in the table below on this page.

Formally, Hebrew verbs are distributed among binyans approximately as follows:
30% - binyan פָּעַל,
22% - binyan פִּיעֵל,
18% - binyan הִפעִיל,
15% - binyan הִתפַּעֵל,
8% - binyan נִפעַל,
3.5% - binyan פּוּעַל,
2.5% - binyan הוּפעַל.

You should also know (a hint to the distribution of efforts in learning Hebrew verbs) that in real life, more than half of the total number of the most commonly used Hebrew verbs (the so-called “verbs of essentials” - go, know, say, sleep, eat, think, etc.).

The vowels in the names of binyans are common to all verbs of a given binyan in the main dictionary form - 3rd person singular husband. kind of past tense. Thus, any binyan verb פָּעַל in the 3rd person singular is husband. The gender of the past tense has the form: , where the squares indicate the letters of the root.

Depending on which consonants are included in the root, in Hebrew there is such a concept as גִזרָה - “a type of root”, “pattern, blank”, which defines a subgroup of binyan.

To thoroughly understand the rules for using a Hebrew verb, it must be accurately classified, i.e. determine belonging to a specific binyan and within the binyan - to the corresponding subgroup. Only after this can you assign the correct vowels in a word, deletion or replacement of consonants, etc. In authoritative Hebrew textbooks, most of the rules associated with the use of verbs are formulated in terms of binyans and their subgroups. With a little practical experience and minimal knowledge of grammar, you can usually identify a binyan by the appearance of the verb.

Conjugation of Hebrew verbs in all tenses is carried out by adding standard prefixes and endings to the basic, tense-dependent form of the verb, giving the verb the categories of person, gender and number. The possible replacement of vowels in the stem of a verb during conjugation is determined by a system of rules based on the formal classification of the verb (identifying membership in a certain group within a certain binyan).

The present tense of verbs is formed on the basis of the singular masculine form of the present tense. In the present tense, verbs take the gender and number endings characteristic of nouns and adjectives: masculine, plural. number - ending ים, feminine singular. number - ending ת (in some cases - ה), and plural. number - ending וֹת.

Since endings in the present tense do not differ by person, in sentences before the verb there must be a noun or pronoun that clearly designates the person with whom the indicated action is associated.

The endings of verbs in the present tense are shown in the table below, the symbols □□□ indicate the present tense stem - the singular masculine form of the present tense.

				Face
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	1
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	2
□□□וֹת	□□□ת	□□□ים	□□□	3

The past tense is based on the 3rd person singular form. masculine past tense. By the way, in most dictionaries verbs are given in this form (which is the main difficulty for newcomers to Hebrew when searching in dictionaries).

Verbs in the past tense are conjugated using standard past tense endings. The endings of verbs in the past tense are shown in the table below, the icons □□□ indicate the basis of the simple tense - the 3rd person singular form. masculine past tense.

				Face
□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	□□□נוּ	□□□תִּי	1
□□□תֶּן	□□□תְּ	□□□תֵּם	□□□תָּ	2
□□□וּ	□□□ה	□□□וּ	□□□	3

Verbs in the future tense are conjugated using standard prefixes (prefixes) and future endings. Prefixes and prefixes are added to the stem of the future tense of the verb, specified in the dictionary. The prefixes and endings of future tense verbs are shown in the table below, with □□□ indicating the future tense stem.

				Face
נ□□□	א□□□	נ□□□	א□□□	1
ת□□□וּ	ת□□□י	ת□□□וּ	ת□□□	2
י□□□וּ	ת□□□	י□□□וּ	י□□□	3

In an interrogative sentence beginning with a question word, the present tense verb must come after the subject, while in the past or future tense the verb can come before the subject.

More than 1000 conjugation tables for the most commonly used Hebrew verbs, including all tenses and forms with vowels, as well as the imperative mood, are given. The search is carried out using the indefinite form of the verb in Russian. To practice conjugating Hebrew verbs, you can use an interactive simulator. I definitely recommend that owners of mobile gadgets install the “Verbs in Hebrew” mobile application. In addition to searching in Russian, in the application you can search for a verb in any of its forms (tense, gender, person, number) in Hebrew. The application includes an interactive simulator for exercising the conjugation of the selected verb. All tables are fully vocalized; information about the root and binyan is provided for the selected verb. No Internet connection is required to operate; the database is initially integrated into the application. Details. You can download the application from this link.

The main Hebrew binyans are listed in the table below, I suggest you memorize them. The task of the test is to accurately drag the names of all binyans with the mouse to their “rightful” places in the table. A decent result - no more than 30 seconds of time spent with a complete absence of errors.

And now let's get acquainted with the FUTURE TIME of the PAAL breed.

In the future tenseyou should start from the infinitive. Do you want to say something in the future tense? Remember the infinitive right away.

In our case, it is LIKHTOV.

Let’s not go deeper into the weeds and write about the original Hebrew infinitive, which has little in common with our established understanding of the initial form of the verb. Initially, the infinitive in Hebrew denotes a noun of action (writing, closing, washing, etc...), and the letter ל, with which all infinitives begin, was later added to the infinitive, and denotes the well-known preposition le-, that is, the preposition to, and is an additional part of the infinitive. It turns out that the pure infinitive is htov כתוב. That is, in the word to write it looks like this: לכתוב LICHTOV.

So, this is the part of HTOV that we will need for support in the education of the future tense.

Do you want to say: “I will write”? Then add the letter “E” א to “KHTOV” in front and you get E KHTOV.

ANI EKHTOV - אני אכתוב - I will write (m.b. and f.b.)

You will write (m.s.) - ATA TI+KHTOV -TI KHTOV - אתה ת כתב

You will write (female) - AT TI+KHTEVI -TI XTEV AND - את ת כתב י

He will write - hu I+KHTOV - IHTOV - הואי כתב

She will write - hi and TI + KHTOV - TIKHTOV - היא ת כתב

We will write - ANAHNU NI+KHTOV - NI KHTOV - אנחנו נ כתוב (hint: In the past tense, “well” came after the root, and in the future N comes before the root)

You write (M.B. and F.B.) - ATEM/ATEN TI+HTEVU -TI HTEV U- אתם/אתן ת כתב ו

They will write (m.b. and f.b.) - hem/hen IH+TEVU - AND KHTEVU - הם/הן י כתבו (hint: he will write - ichtov - he is the 3rd person, they are also the 3rd person person, plural only, therefore, in the third person there should be a “th” in front).

NOTE! You (m.p.) and she - the verbs are no different!

NOTE! To say in the imperative mood: “Write!”

In Hebrew, the future tense is used, and literally it will be: “You will write!” And if “Write!”, then
"You will write!". Above, all 3 imperative moods are in italics and underlined for convenience.

Imperative mood

In a simple conversational style
the imperative mood in Classical Biñan Paal is not used “TIHTOV”, but simply “KTOV!”

We take the infinitive, cut off the first LAMED (LI KHTOV). We get KTOV!
("Haf" is changed to "kaf" because only the voiced letter "KAF" can appear at the beginning of a word)
WHO IN! Write! is colloquial Hebrew. You will hear this form all the time.

It is more beautiful and correct to use “TIKHTOV” in the imperative mood - write!
This is a literary, classical, literate style.

"TIHTEVI!" - WRITE! (TO WOMAN)
"TIHTEWU!" - WRITE! (MN.H)

Bo! - come (colloquial style)
Tavo! - come over (classic style)

Lech! - go away! (colloquial style)
TELEH! - go away (classic style)

NOTE! Participles in Hebrew are sometimes indicated by the present tense. That is: I WRITE, WRITE, WRITE, can be translated as: writing, writing.

You know all three tenses and can fully tell everything you want about yourself, using all the other Paal verbs according to the template.

Now about short participles, which are similar to adverbs:

WRITTEN - U A - kA tU in

WRITTEN - according to the same principle: ktU va (emphasis on the last syllable)

WRITTEN (M.R.) - IM U - ktU vim (emphasis on the last syllable)

WRITTEN (J.R.) - according to the same principle: ktU here (emphasis on the last syllable).

כתוב,כתובה, כתובים, כתובות

Note.

In the plural, do not confuse the pronunciation:

CT U vim, ktU here and ko twim, ko tvot.

Do not confuse them under any circumstances, remember the location of the vowels right away! An adverb and a present tense verb are different from each other.

And don't get confused:

CT U va (written) and ka twa (she wrote).

Now you know EVERYTHING. =)

Hello, dear subscribers.

Let's remember today once again what we learned in previous lessons. We talked about the fact that any verb in the present tense has 4 forms:

Masculine singular

Feminine singular

Masculine plural

Feminine plural.

We have analyzed each such form for the classical verbs of Binyan PaAl (פָּעַל). We have seen that they are all built in the same way and are described by a single formula.

Today, to finish the conversation about this type of verbs, we need to look at one more form, the infinitive form - (shEm hapOal) - שֵם הַפוֹעַל.

But first, let me remind you what this obscure word means. The infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb, indicates an action without indicating the time of action, and answers the question “What to do?”

Let's look at a simple example.

I teach, I study - this is the form of the present tense. The action is happening at this moment.

Taught, studied - the action took place in the past, that is, the past tense.

I will learn, I will study - future tense.

But the forms “teach”, “study”, “study” do not indicate time to us. Looking at them it is impossible to say when this action took place. They answer the question “what to do?” This is the initative.

In Hebrew, ALL infinitives in ALL binyan ALWAYS begin with the letter (lamed) - ל. For the classical verbs of the 1st Binyan Pa'Al (פָּעַל), the formula will be as follows:

Let's build infinitives for the roots we already know:

Root ל-מ-ד

lilmod - לִלְמוֹד – Teach, study, study.

Root כּ-ת-ב

lichtOV – לִכְתוֹב – To write.

Root ר-ק-ד

lirkOd – לִרְקוֹד – To dance.

And now, as we have always done, let’s listen to how such infinitives sound. They always begin with the sound "LI". Then there are two consonant sounds. After the third consonant there is the sound “O”. The word also ends with a consonant, the third sound of the root.

What happens if we take our non-existent roots? L-M-N? Right! lilmOn. BVG? libvOg. PCT? lirsFrom.

A pertinent question arises here: when is the infinitive form used? In ulpans, for ease of understanding, they usually first give a few basic words, after which there must be an infinitive: must, want, love, can, can, must. But we can generalize this rule and say: if there are 2 verbs in a row in a sentence, the first one will usually be tense (i.e. indicating time), and the verb following it will be an infinitive.

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